Term
| Explain the concept of community |
|
Definition
| Collecion of people who interact with one another and whose common interests or chacteristics form the basis for a sense of unity and belonging |
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of communities |
|
Definition
geographic
common-interest
community of solution
population |
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of geographic communities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of common-interest communities |
|
Definition
| church, professional organization, peopl with mastectomies |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| group of people who come together to solve a problem that affects all of them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of people with a common characteristic such as gender, age risk, location, disease |
|
|
Term
| use the social ecological model to describe community health |
|
Definition
the social ecological perspective helps us to pinpoint opportunities for promoting health by understanding the factors that influence behaviors at each level of the social ecological moden(shown above) and by recognizing that an individuals behavior both shapes, and shped by, multiple levels of influence.In order to increase physical activity and healthy eating, health promotion efforts need to focus not only on the behavior choices of each individual, but also on factors that influence those choices.(3)
These factors operate out of several spheres of influence, including public policy, institutional/ organizational, community, interpersonal as well as individual levels. |
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Term
|
Definition
public policy ( national, state, local laws)
community (relationships among organizations)
organizational (organizations, social institutes)
interpersonal (family, friends, social networks)
individual (knowledge, attitudes, skills) |
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Term
| Discuss the two main components of community health practice ( health promotion and disease prevention) |
|
Definition
Promotion - All efforts that seek to move people closer to optimal well-being or higher levels of wellness.Goal: raise level of wellness for individuals, families, populations, and communities.Initiatives for health promotion as a nation
Healthy People 2020
Prevention:
Anticipating and averting problems or discovering them as early as possible to minimize potential disability and impairment
Three levels
Primary: Keep illness or injury from occurring
Secondary: Detect and treat existing disease
Tertiary: Reduce the extent and severity of a health problem to its lowest possible level to minimize disability and restore or preserve function |
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Term
| Define and descibe the three levels of prevention |
|
Definition
Three levels
Primary: Keep illness or injury from occurring (teaching high school students sex -ed)
Secondary: Detect and treat existing disease ( self-breast exams, NOT diagnostic exam!)
Tertiary: Reduce the extent and severity of a health problem to its lowest possible level to minimize disability and restore or preserve function (disease known (diagnostic test confirms)
PRIMARY:
measures taken to keep illness or injury from occuring. It is applied to a generally healthy population and precedes disease or disfunction
SECONDARY:
efforts to detect snd treat existing health problems at the earliest stage possible, when disease or impairment is already present. Discover a health problem at a point when intervention ,may lead to its control or eradication
TERTIARY:
attempts to reduce the extent and severity of a health problem to its lowest possible level, so as to minimize disability and restore or preserve function. |
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Term
| What is a primary prevention of diabetes |
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Definition
| walking on the tread mill drnking water, limiting sugar intake |
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Term
| Secondary prevention of diabetes would be |
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Definition
| getting a glucose, blood pressure screening |
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Term
| Tertiary prevention of diabetes |
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Definition
| would be taken a blood sample and putting it on a blood strip and test it on a glucose monitor your doctor gave you |
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Term
| What are the three core function of public health nurses |
|
Definition
assessment-"knowing what needs to be done"
policy development-"being apart of the solution"
Assurance-"making sure it happens" |
|
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Term
| Can you define the three core functions of a public health nurse |
|
Definition
assessment- " knowing what needs to be done" is a regular collection, analysis, and sharing of information about health conditions, risks and resources in the commmunity.
policy development- "being part of the solution"use of the assessment data to develope policy and direct resources towards these policies
assurance- making sure it happens- availability of necessary services throughout the community
* and works from the inside out : family/individual> community> public system |
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Term
| What is an example of an application of core functions in TB nursing |
|
Definition
assessment: collecting and interpretting data on TB in the community
participate in TB case finding
Policy Development
Recommend tuberculin skin test training for nurses in school or office settings
Encourage community involvement in TB elimination
Assurance:
Assurance
Provide health care providers in private practices with current TB practice guidelines
Participate in TB testing |
|
|
Term
| What are the community health nurse's roles? |
|
Definition
Clinician
Educator
Advocate
Manager
Collaborator
Leader
Researcher |
|
|
Term
| describe the role as a clinician |
|
Definition
Care provider
Focus on holism, health promotion, & prevention while using expanded skills |
|
|
Term
| describe the role as a educator |
|
Definition
Health teacher
Plan for community-wide impact |
|
|
Term
| describe the role as a advocate |
|
Definition
Pleader of client’s cause or actor on behalf of client
Support client self-determination and responsive systems |
|
|
Term
| describe the role as a manager |
|
Definition
Administrative direction of goals: plan, organize, lead, control, evaluate
Participative approach with community |
|
|
Term
| Describe the role as a collaborator |
|
Definition
Joint working with others
Multidisciplinary collegiality and leadership |
|
|
Term
| Describe the role as a leadership role |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe role as a researcher |
|
Definition
Systematic investigation, collection, and analysis of data for solving problems, always use evidence based findings in community settings
Evidence-based findings to community settings |
|
|
Term
| 8 Characteristics of community health nursing |
|
Definition
1. Population is client or unit of care.
2. Primary obligation is to achieve greatest good for greatest number of people or population as a whole.
3. Processes used include working with the client as an equal partner.
4. Primary prevention is the priority.
5. Strategies are selected to create health environmental, social, and economic conditions in which populations may thrive.
6. There is an obligation to actively reach out to all who might benefit from a specific activity.
7. Optimal use of resources to ensure best overall improvement in health of population is a key element.
8. Collaboration with a variety of other professions, organizations, and entities is the most effective way to promote and protect health of people. |
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Term
|
Definition
-a national agenda that communicates a vision for improving heath and achieving health equity
-a set of specific, measurable objectives with targets to be achieved over the decade
-these objectives are organized with distinct topic areas |
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Term
| What is the vision of healthy people 2020 |
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Definition
- Build on a foundation of three decades of work in health promotion and disease prevention objectives aimes at improving the health of all americans
-is grounded in science,guided by public input, and designed to measure progress
-seeks to improve health outcomes through prevention strategies that address "ecological contexts" and determinants of health.
* " healthy people - a society in which people live long healthy lives" |
|
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Term
| What is the Healthy people 2020 mission |
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Definition
- identify nation wide health improvment priorities
-increase publc awareness and understandings of the determinants o health, disease, and disability and the opportunity to progress
-provide measurable objectives and goals the are applicable at the national, state, and local levels
-enagage multiple sectors t take action to strengthen policies and improve practices that are driven by the best available evidence and knowledge
-identify critical research, evaluation, and data collection needs. |
|
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Term
| Identify the overreaching goals of healthy people 2020 |
|
Definition
-Attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability,injury, and premature death
-achieve healthy equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
-create social and physical enviroments that promote good health for all
-promote quality of life, healthy development and healthy behaviors across all life stages
IN PHYSICAL ENVROMENTS, HEALTH SERVICES, INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR, SOCIAL ENVIROMENTS, BIOLOGY, AND GENETICS |
|
|
Term
| Outline the Healthy people 2020 topic areas |
|
Definition
1.Access to health services
2.adolescent health
3.arthritis, osteoporosis, and chronic back conditions
4.blood diorders and blood safety
5. cancer
6. chronic kidney disease
7. dementia
8. diabetes
9. disbaility and health
10. early and middle childhood
11, educational and community based programs
12. enviromental health
13. family planning
14. food safety
15. genomics
16. global health
17. healthcare associated infections
18. heath communications and health information technology
19. health realted quality of life
20. hearing and other sensory or communication disorders
21. heart disease and stroke
22. HIV
23. immunization and infectious disease
24. injury and violence prevention
25. lesbian, gay, transgender and biosexual health issues
26. maternal, infant and child care,
27. medical product safety
28. mental health and mental disorders
29.nutrition and weight status
30. occpational health and safety
31. older adults
32. oral heath
33. physical acivity
34. preparedness
35. public health infrastructure
36. respiratory disease
37. STD's
38. sleep health
39. social determinants of health
40. substance abuse
41. vision |
|
|
Term
| Outline the healthy people 2020 objectives |
|
Definition
represent quantitive values to be achieved over the decade
-organized within topic areas
-managed by lead federal agencies
-supported by scientific evidence
-address population disparititesd
-data driven and prevention orientated |
|
|
Term
| Healthy people 2020 will emphasize involving sectors outside health including |
|
Definition
- education
- houseing
- enviroment
-transportation
-labor |
|
|
Term
| The framework of healthy people 2020 includes |
|
Definition
Healthy People 2020 Determinants
-physical enviroment
-social envioment
-health services
-biology and geneitcs
-individual behavior |
|
|
Term
| Healthy peoples key features |
|
Definition
creates a comprehensive strategic framework that inties health promotions and disease prevention issues under a single umbrella
-requires tracking of data driven outcomes to monitor progress and to motivate guide and focus action
-engages a framework of multidisciplinary, multisectional stakeholders at each levels
-guides national research, program planning, and policy efforts to promote health and prevent disease
-establishes accountablity requiring all pHS grants to demonostrate support of healthy people |
|
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Term
| Way to use healthy people 2020 |
|
Definition
go online to healthypeople.gov
it provides a platform to learn /help reach the 2020 objectives
-integrate healthy people 2020 into your programs, initiatives, special events, and meetings
-use healthy people as a tool to engage partners at all levels of goverment
-use it in health program planning |
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|
Term
| What is a healthy community |
|
Definition
| Healthy communities are where people come together to make their community better for themselves, their family, their friends, their neighbors and others in their community. |
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristic of a healthy community |
|
Definition
Members participate in development and execution of activities
Individual members are physically, mentally, emotional healthy
Needs are being met by members around them
Members have a sense of belonging and being needed
Community continues to grow with healthy consistency
Community has the ability to address individuals during crisis situations - fire, police, ambulance
There is a healthy level of employment for members
Healthy form of communication
Newspaper, radio, television
Positive leaders within the community
An election based decision making process
Members work together for common betterment
Leaders are aware of community needs and dynamics and acknowledge them.
Community members acknowledge weak areas and continue to better those aspects.
Members feel safe and secure within their environment. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the meaning of community as a client |
|
Definition
a community-wide group of people as the focus of nursing service
-the community directly influences the health of the individuals, families, groups, subpopulations, and populations who are apart of it.
provisions of most health services occurs at the community level |
|
|
Term
| community as client location includes |
|
Definition
Community boundaries
Location of health services
Geographic features
Climate
Flora, fauna
Human-made environment) |
|
|
Term
| Community as a client population includes |
|
Definition
Size
Density
Composition
Rate of growth or decline
Cultural characteristics
Social class
Educational level
Mobility |
|
|
Term
| Community as a client social system includes |
|
Definition
Health
Family
Economic
Education
Religious
Welfare
Political
Recreational
Legal
Communication |
|
|
Term
| community health nursing differs from other kinds of practice because |
|
Definition
more community based
population focused
relationship based care |
|
|
Term
| discuss essential characteristics of nursing care when the community is the client staring with community oriented |
|
Definition
| your nursing practice is actively shaped by the unique experiences, knowledge, concerns, values, beliefs, and culture of a given community |
|
|
Term
| discuss essential characteristics of nursing care when the community is the client staring with population -focused |
|
Definition
use of population based skills such as
-epidemiology
-research in community assessment
community organized as the basis for interventions |
|
|
Term
| discuss essential characteristics of nursing care when the community is the client staring with relationship based |
|
Definition
Reciprocal, caring relationship with the community
Listening, participatory dialogue, and critical reflection
Sociopolitical elements of practice such as advocacy, community empowerment, and movement to action |
|
|
Term
| Nightingale's theory of enviroment |
|
Definition
Observations suggested that disease was more prevalent in poor environments
Learned about health and disease trends of the soldiers by recording their mortality rates and other stats
Improved sanitary conditions based on the evidence by providing adequate ventilation, pure water, quiet, warmth, light, and cleanliness.
Demonstrated a decrease in mortality rates based on her interventions |
|
|
Term
| Salmon's construction for public health nursing |
|
Definition
Public health is an organized societal effort to protect, promote and restore the health of people
Public health nursing is focused on achieving and maintaining public health.
Three practice priorities
Prevention of disease and poor health
Protection against disease and external agents
Promotion of health |
|
|
Term
| The minnesota wheel public health itervention model |
|
Definition
17 different interventions
Three levels of public health practice
-Population-based, community-focused practice
-Systems-focused practice
-Individual-focused practice |
|
|
Term
| identify 6 social influences that effect contemporary nursing care |
|
Definition
Communication technology
Genetics, genomics, and genetic engineering
Global economy
Migration
Terrorism and bioterrorism
Climate changes |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 different communtiy need assessments |
|
Definition
-Familiarization or Windshield Survey
-problem-oriented assessment
-Community subsystem assessment: focuses on a single dimension
-Comprehensive assessment
-Community assets assessment |
|
|
Term
| describe a familarization or windshield survey assessment |
|
Definition
| involves studying data already available on a communit, then gathering a certain amountof first hand data in order to gain a working knowledge of the community |
|
|
Term
| describe a problem oriented assessment |
|
Definition
| begins with a single problem, and the nurse assesse the community in relatio to that problem, often used when comprehensive assessment is too expensive |
|
|
Term
| describe a communtiy subsystem assessment |
|
Definition
| the nurse focuses on a single dimention, for example a nurse might decide to surey a church, or local school to see how they participate in the community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seeks to discover all relevent community health information. It begins with a review of previous studies, stats, demographics. |
|
|
Term
| Community assessts assessment |
|
Definition
| focuses on the strengths and capacities of community rather than its problems . looks at what skilled individuals are present in the envioment, what facilities are present, what organizations are present, and puts them together to create a healthy communtiy. Unlike the others not on a needs basis |
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|
Term
| What are th 5 sources of community assessment data |
|
Definition
primary and secondary sources
international sources
national sources
state and local sources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
key informant interviews
information given by talking to people
observation ( windshield survey) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
census data
behavioral risk factors surveillance system
vital statistics ( birth adoption, divorce, seperation
-census data 9 demographicss)
-morbidity statistics ( disabilities and illness)
-surveillance data- ( reportable diseases)
-risk factors
people who know the community well ( health care providers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| WHO world health organization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
U.S department of health and human services
-U. S beaurea of the census
-national institution of health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
state health department
behavorial health and survalience system
CDC
universities
hospitals |
|
|
Term
| community assessment methods used to gather data include |
|
Definition
surveys- used to conduct broad range of data
descriptive epidemiological studies- locates disease, where, when, who?
community forums/town hall meetings
focus groups |
|
|
Term
| What is the teachers dfinition of a family |
|
Definition
who we are
te most important buildingblock in society
a root system for a stronger world |
|
|
Term
| What is the 2020 census definition of a family |
|
Definition
| a family group is any teo or more people residing together, and related by birth, marriage, or adoption |
|
|
Term
| What are the universal charcteristics of a family |
|
Definition
every family is a small social system
every family has its own cultural values and rules
-every family has structure
-every family has certain basic fuctions
-every family moves through stages in its life cycle |
|
|
Term
| the definition of a family varies by organization, discipline and individual, the WHO say it is the primary social agent in the promotion of health and wellbeing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the charcteristics of a healthy family |
|
Definition
- a facilitative process of interaction exists among family members
- individual member development is enhanced
-role relationships are structured effectively
-active attempts are made to cope with problems
-there is a healthy home and enviroment
-regular links with the broader community are established |
|
|
Term
| discuss how a familys culture influences its values, prescribed roles, and distribution of power. |
|
Definition
-cultural and family patterns of eating, exercise, and communication
-decisions about health services
-family health patterns also dictate whether members participate in their own health care, follow through, and comply with professional advice |
|
|
Term
| compare and contrast the theories on family health and development: family structure, family function, family life style, family system. describe family srtucture |
|
Definition
family structure: traditional, or non traditional
TRADITIONAl: nuclear family
nuclear dyrad dad family
single adult families
multigenerational families
kin-network
augmented family (grandma takes care ofkids)
blended family
single parent families
commuter families
BUT HERE ARE SOME MYTHS
It was only in the 1920s that, for the first time, a
majority of American families consisted of a
breadwinner-husband, a home-maker wife, and
children attending school.
The most rapid increase in unwed pregnancies took
place between 1940 and 1958, not in the “freethinking”
sixties.
The defining characteristics of the 1950s family--a
rising birth rate, a stable divorce rate, and declining
age of marriage--were historical aberrations, out of
line with long term historical trends.
Throughout American history, most families have
needed more than one breadwinner to support
themselves. |
|
|
Term
| what are healthy family functions |
|
Definition
providing affection
providing security ( food shelter, clothes)
instilling identity (like a mirror refelcts back to the person who they are and how valuable they are to others)
promoting affiliation (making them feel apart of the family)
providing socialization (transfer values, goals, sociolization)
establishing controls( accepting and unaccepting behaviors) |
|
|
Term
| What is apart of the family life cycle |
|
Definition
single adult
new couple
couple with children ( expansion)
couple with teenager
launching children (contraction)
family in later life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The whole is greater that the sum of its parts
Systems are made up of subsystems and are
part of supra-systems
A change in one part of the system leads to
change in the whole system
Each system has a boundary that is somewhat
open or closed
The same end point can be reached from a
number of starting points or in different way |
|
|
Term
| describe the family assessment data tools : ecomap |
|
Definition
| is a diagram of the connections between a family and the other systems in an ecologic enviroment |
|
|
Term
| describe how to give a family health history |
|
Definition
genogram- displays family information graphically in a way to view complex family patterns.
focus on the family as a unit
ask goal oriented questions
collect data over time
combine quantative and qualitive data
exercise professional judgement |
|
|
Term
| what is considered quantative and qualative data |
|
Definition
quantative -something you can count numerically Family Management Measure
Family Routines Inventory
Family Systems Stressor-Strength Inventory
Feetham Family Functioning Survey
Qualitive -something that is just data ( interviews)
eco map
family health history
genogram |
|
|
Term
| Discuss the 5 basic priniciples that community health nurses should follow when assessing family health |
|
Definition
1. family defines itself
-recognizes the validity of family structural variations
2. start where the family is
3. work with the family collectively
4. adapt nursing interventions to the familys stage of development
5. emphasize family strengths |
|
|
Term
| what is a familys health history |
|
Definition
A written or graphic record of the diseases and
health conditions present in your family.
Shows three generations of your biological
relatives, the age at diagnosis, and the age and
cause of death of deceased family members.
A useful tool for understanding health risks and
preventing disease in individuals and their close
relatives. |
|
|
Term
| describe family culture "routine and rituals" |
|
Definition
routines - practical
rituals- are meaningful
they help contain the choas of famiey life
-they are shaped by family values ad beliefs
-what is important to you about clenaing, tooth brushing, who does chores, watching television |
|
|
Term
| describe the components of the definition of epidemiology |
|
Definition
the distribution (person, place, and time)
and determinants (agent, host,enviroment)
of disease (and health events and health) in human populations
and the application of the study to the control of health problems |
|
|
Term
| recognize and explain basic epidemiologic concepts and principles |
|
Definition
* events and disease are not randomly distributed in a population
* determinants of events can be determined
* determinants are studied for entire populations
* prevention and control in the population are the main focus , rather than the diagnosis and treatment of the single patient
* epidemiology uses rates to study populations and develope prevention and control programs |
|
|
Term
| describe mortality rates used in epidmiology |
|
Definition
| # of deaths in time period/# in population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| # cases newly diagnosed disease in time period/# at risk for disease in population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a proportion not a rate
# existing cases of disease/# in population |
|
|
Term
| list 6 uses of epidemiology in public health nursing practice |
|
Definition
surveillance,
disease investigation
community health assessment
screening
target intervention programs
evaluation of intervention programs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ongoing, systematic, collection analysis , interpretation, dissemination of data about health related event or use in public health action due to reduce morbidity, and mortality and to improve health. labs hospitals, physicians |
|
|
Term
| what is disease investigation |
|
Definition
identify the source
guide a public health intevention
routiene survalience activities
reports from clinicians, labs |
|
|
Term
| what is a community health assessment |
|
Definition
systematic process that periodically provides pertinant information to assess the health of the community
relys on local and regional knowledge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the examination os asymptomatic people in order to classify them as likely, or unlikely to have the disease. |
|
|
Term
| what are intervention programs |
|
Definition
| public health actions aimed at groups with higher risk, with the goal of improving specific health outcomes |
|
|
Term
| what is an evaluation of an intervention program |
|
Definition
a systematic way to collect information about the characteristics, activities, and results of a program in order to make decisions about the program
the purpose it to
provide accountability to public and others
communication about what you do
documentatin of programs process
measurment of programs results |
|
|
Term
| what are the sources for information for epidemiologists |
|
Definition
existing data
vital statistics
census data
repotable disease
disease registeries
enviromental monitoring
nationl center for health statistics health survey
informal observational studies
scientific studies |
|
|
Term
| Identify the four stages of the natural history of a disease or health condition and their relationship to primary, secondary, and tertiary |
|
Definition
progression followed by a health condition (before,during, conclusion)
1. Susceptibility- host and enviromental factors influence population vulnerability
-Primary prevention- (exposure)
disease is not present in individuals have not been exposed
health promoton, prevention, and protection ( housing, enviroment vaccines)
2. Subclinical: invasion by causative agent, people are asymptomatic
-Primary and Secondary Prevention ( since still no symptoms)followed by an incubation period in which organism multiplys to produce host rxn
- noninfectious agents go through a induction/latency period before symptoms occur
3. Clincal disease- disease or condition evident in population, signs and symptoms develope
-secondary prevention: early screening and disgnosis occurs during disease onset; prompt treatment to arrest progression and prevent disability
4. Resolution: sufficient anatomic or functional changes produces recognizable signs and symptoms
-tertiary prevention: results in recovery, disability, or death
-advanced disease stage course complete. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to a hosts ability to resist a particular infectious disease- causing agent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to a short term resistance that is aquired naturally or artificially |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long term and somtimes lifetime resistance aquired naturally or artificially, either by already infected with disease before or a vaccine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to a situation in which a persons immunity to one agent provides immunity to a related agent as well. Some times an infection with small pox gives you immunity to chicken pox can be passive or active |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immunity level present in a population |
|
|
Term
| describe the benefits of epidemiology for community health nursing practice |
|
Definition
| it tells us the common focus of health of the population. it is a specialized form of scientific research that can provide public health professioknals with a body of knowledge of which to base their practice and methods for studying new and existing problems. |
|
|
Term
| list the major surces when conducting epidemiological information |
|
Definition
existing epidemiologiocal data
informal inbvestigations
carefully disigned scientific studies |
|
|
Term
| What are the four stages of the development of community health nursing |
|
Definition
-Early Home care nursng (pre-mid 1800's)
-District nursing (mid 1800s-1900's)
-Public Health nursing (1900-1970)
-Community health nursing (1970-present) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
leader in district nurse expansion, first to use the term public health nursing to describe it
-Graduate of NY hosptal training program committed to a social change
-metropolian life insurace company
-showed effectiveness of a school nurse
-first president of the national organizaton for public health nursing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
frontier nursign service to serve mountain families in Kentucky on horseback
-nurse midwife program to deliver babies and provide food and nursing services |
|
|
Term
| What are the New topic areas for healthy people 2020 |
|
Definition
1. adolescent health
2. Dementias ( ALzhiemers)
3. Early and Middle Childhood
4. Genomics
5. Global Health
6. Health related Quality of Life
7. Lesbian, gay, Bisexual, and Transgender health issues
8. Older Adults
9. Prepardness
10. Sleep Health
11. Social Determinant of health |
|
|
Term
| What are some more major sources of epidemiological infomation |
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Definition
Existing Data
Vital Statistics: birth, adoption, marriage, divorce, separation, annulment, fetal deaths, etc patterns
Census Data: demographic, social, economic, housing, age, sex, race, occupation types, income level
Reportable Diseases: surveillance of the extent & distribution of reportable (law-mandated) diseases
Disease Registries: some states for conditions with major public health impact
Environmental Monitoring: health hazards- pesticides, industrial waste, nuclear, additives, med drugs
NCHS Health Surveys: national statistics, mortality/morbidity reports of disease/ death data trends
Informational Observation Studies
Scientific studies |
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