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Appealing to pity is a fallacy when a person attempts to make a claim trying to gain sympathy instead of providing evidence in an argument. The reasoning is fallacious because pity doesn’t make your claim true. In situations where an appeal to pity is evidentiary the feeling itself is not evidence.
example;● “Bobby deserves the promotion. After all, his mother died earlier this month.” |
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Begging the question, often referred to as circular reasoning, is a logical fallacy in which the conclusion is assumed (directly or indirectly) in one of the premises of the argument. This type of argumentation is not sound because the proof being supplied to support the conclusion (the premises) are based on the assumption (again directly or indirectly) that the conclusion is true, and so proves nothing.
example;“The fact that we believe pornography should be legal means that it is a valid form of free expression. And since it’s free expression, it shouldn’t be banned.” |
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The fallacy of composition arises when one infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some part of the whole. Often confused with the fallacy of hasty generalization.
example;Atoms are not visible to the naked eye.
Humans are made up of atoms.
Therefore, humans are not visible to the naked eye |
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| false analogy to appeal to force |
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Definition
A false cause fallacy is when someone may describe a sequence of events that happen because of the other event
example;● I always eat cereal in the morning, this morning I ate pancakes and there was an earthquake in Japan. From now on I stick to cereal for breakfast. |
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rhetorical device where adverse information about a target is pre-emptively presented to an audience, with the intention of discrediting or ridiculing everything that the target person is about to say
example;“Before my opponent speaks, I will remind you of his recent DUI” |
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Definition
-used to refer to something that misleads or distracts from the relevant or important issue
-also may intentionally be used in mystery fiction or even in modern day politics
or because of poor logic
example
mother: It’s bedtime Jane
Jane: Mom, how do ants feed their babies?
Mother: Don’t know dear. Close your eyes now.
Jane: But mama, do ant babies cry when hungry?
This conversation shows how a child tries to distract her mother so that she [Jane] could stay awake a little longer. |
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Term
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Definition
used to refer to something that misleads or distracts from the relevant or important issue
-also may intentionally be used in mystery fiction or even in modern day politics
or because of poor logic
exampleMother: It’s bedtime Jane
Jane: Mom, how do ants feed their babies?
Mother: Don’t know dear. Close your eyes now.
Jane: But mama, do ant babies cry when hungry?
This conversation shows how a child tries to distract her mother so that she [Jane] could stay awake a little longer |
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Definition
An appeal to fear a is fallacy in which a person attempts to create support for an idea by using deception and propaganda in attempts to increase fear and prejudice toward a competitor.”
exampleIf you don’t accept X as true, something terrible will happen to you.
Therefore, X must be true |
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Any code or set of principles containing different provisions for one group of people than for another, especially an unwritten code of sexual behavior permitting men more freedom than women.
An ethical or moral code that applies more strictly to one group than to another.
example;Woman who is sexually inactive: virtuous/choosy. Man: loser.
Woman in low-paying job: cares about more than money. Man: loser.
Woman who excels academically: smart and hard-working. Man: nerd.
Woman who is not socially outgoing: shy. Man: creepy.
Woman who cries: victim. Man: weak |
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The Straw Man fallacy is committed when a person simply ignores a person's actual position and substitutes a distorted, exaggerated or misrepresented version of that position
example;After Will said that we should put more money into health and education, Warren responded by saying that he was surprised that Will hates our country so much that he wants to leave it defenceless by cutting
military spending. |
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