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| Whose reign began the Roman Empire? |
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| Who are philosophers that taught that people should scorn pleasure, wealth, and power? |
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| What civilization first had city states? |
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| What is the Biblical Narrative? |
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| Creation, Fall, Redemption, Restoration |
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| What is the most important form of God's revelation to a Muslim? |
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| What is the most important city for a Muslim? |
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| Where did Roman Imperial power shift to following the Germanic invasions? |
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| What was the capital of the Byzantine empire? |
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| What weas sinificant about the reign of Justinian and Theodora? |
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| It was the height of the Byzantine empire, they codified and preserved the Roman Law, they extended the empire |
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| What was the goal of the Byzantine empire? |
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| the unite the people by making a centralized government, and imposing legal and doctrinal conformity |
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| What are the 3 areas that helped the Byzantines accomplish their goals? |
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| their law, their religion, and their strong cities |
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| What led to an increase in clergy members? |
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| What was the iconoclastic controversy? |
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| a controversy over whether it was right to forbid the use of images/icons due to it leading to idolatry |
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| What was the name of the Eastern Church following the split in 1054? |
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| Where did the Byzantine empire's strength lie? |
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| What are some contriputions of the Byzantine empire to Western Civilization? |
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| It was a protective barrier between W.Europe and Muslim conquests, it preserved/passed on classical learning and science from Greece, Rome, and the Orient; provided a model for modern civilization, Byzantine missionaries coverted Slavs of Central/Eastern Europe to Chritianity |
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| What mountain range separates Europe and Asia? |
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| What are 2 cities that rose up in Rus from Viking trade routes? |
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| What is the significance of Rurik the Viking? |
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| he was asked to protect the city of Kiev and surrounding areas |
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| What were contributions of Yaroslav the Wise to Rus(russia)? |
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| helped usher in the golden age of Kiev, craeted a written law code, translaged great Greek works |
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| What were the contributions of St. Cyril, St.Methodius, and Vladimir I? |
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| Cyril and Methodius were missionaries that adapted gthe Greek alphabet to translate the Bible=Cyrillic alphabet used today, and Vladimir was the one who invited them and made Christianity the offical religion |
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| What 3 cultures did Charlemagne blend together? |
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| the Frankish, Roman, and Christian cultures |
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| How did Charlemagne spread Christianity across Europe? |
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| by conquering tribes and forcing them to become Christians |
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| What were the reforms of charlemagne? |
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| Conversion of currency, encouraged educaton and learning, divided the kindgoms into counties |
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| What were the outside threats that led to feudalism? |
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| Vikings from Scandinavia, Muslims from spain, and Magyars(Hungarians) from the east |
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| What are the 3 main classes of Eurpean Society during the middle ages? |
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| Clergy, Nobility, and everyone else(serfs and peasantry) |
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| What percent of the population in Europe were nobility? |
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| What was the economic system of feudalism? |
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| one king can't rule his entire kingdom, land divided among noblemen(lords), lords divided land amoungst their knights, mobility of peasantry restricted |
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| What percent of the population were peasants? |
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| What type of environment allowed for the rise of European monarchs? |
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| an environment where no central authority existed |
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| Who united the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms? |
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| What was the Holy Roman Empire? |
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| an empire that claimed to be descended from Rome and blessed by God |
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| How did the role of the pope change during the Middle Ages? |
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| they became powerful political figures instead of just spiritual leaders |
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| What were some contributions of Pope Leo IX? |
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| he began reforming the church by exommunicating those who sold and bought church offices, excommunicated a bishop resulting in the splitting of the church. his side became the Roman Catholics |
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| Why did the church divide in 1054? |
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| Pope Leo IX excommunicated the Bishop of Constantinople because he rejected his authority. The church was split, and those who sided w/Leo became Roman Catholics while those w/the bishop became Orthodox |
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| What was the Investiture Dispute? |
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| Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV disputed over Henry's choice for Bishop of Milan which led to Henry's excommunication and the call for his replacement. Henry begged for forgiveness, and the pope now became one of the strogest figures in Europe |
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| It is a speech and it means that God wills it |
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| What does Deus Volt have to do with the crusades? |
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| It was the "calling to arms" speech that Pope Urban II gave to start the crusades in order to recapture the Holy Land |
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| What are the differences between the 1st 4 crusades? |
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Crusade 1:most attacked were nonChristians, captured the city of Jerusalem, created states, and established territory.
Crusade 2: sent to retake Edessa, but were unable to defeat the muslims
Crusade 3: involved 3 kings, resulted in the signing of a peace treaty between Richard I of England and Saladin giving Christians access to Holy Land
Crusade 4: was for finance, attacked Christians because of an unpaid debt |
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| What are the effects of the crusades? |
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| fatal weakening of the Byzantine empire, vast increase in cultural horizons for Europeans, stimulated Mediterranean trade, Romantic and imaginative literature, weakening of nobility, rise of merchant class, knowledge introduced to Europe |
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| What was the language of the educated and clergy during the Middle Ages? |
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| What lead to the growth of trade and towns durign the Late Middle Ages? |
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| revival of towns, Hanseatic league, italian merchants, new technologies, guilds |
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| What is the difference between Romanesque and Gothic architecture? |
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Romanesque has round arches/vaults, small windows, small area, and stark.
Gothic is taller, brighter, used flying buttresses to support walls, higher ceilings, fewer columns, larger windows |
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| What are 2 of the most significant works of literature during the Middle ages? |
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| Divie Comedy and Canterbury Tales |
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| What language were the 2 important Middle Ages books written in? |
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| What are the contributions/works of Thomas Aquinas? |
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| reconcile faith and reason, scholasticism. wrote Summa Theologica. said that Christian teachings are knowable and provable through logic and reason. |
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