Kang Youwei

• 1858-1927
• Radical reformer
• scholarly family, served in gov't
• early 1880s visited Shanghai and Hong Kong and was impressed with the order of these places
• continues with traditional confuscist path but studys western learning too
• he wants to save china
• sends 1st memorial to emperor but he had no creditials at this time so it never gets even close to emperor.  it states that china should follow the example of meiji japan he is deemed too radical and emotional
• for the 3rd exam the exam ppl are suppose to flunk him but cuz the ids of test takers are so carefully conceled they have to pick one they think is him (the most radical test and flunked that one)!  he wrote a very traditional test so he would pass and he did!
• He wrote ten thousand word memorial
• supported by Emperor Guangxu
• flees to Japan when Empress Dowager Cixi stages a coup against Emperor Guangxu

• Constitutional monarchy
• Military modernization (western style)
• industry moderniztion
• modernization of the exam system
• Kang Youwei gets 1201 exam students to sign it
• at 1st doesn't reach the emperor cuz it is too emotional
• his reputation is a hot head and emotional but it eventually reaches the emperor and the emperor becomes a supporter!

• 1898 Emperor Guangxu lets rad. ref. to write as much as they want to him and visits with Kang Youwei
• He decides to have a reform from june to september in 1898
• there are 50 emperorial orders and they should have worked but never got to be enforced
• 4 catergories
  • orders education and exam modernization
    • no calligraphy, poetry, and the 8 legged exam system
    • comtemporary issues included
    • modern schools with western study
  • Modernization of china's economy
    • industrialization
    • financed by the gov't's budget
  • Modernization of military
    • army, navy, military schools
  • Political reforms (mostly radical)
    • Constitutional monarchy
    • simplify burecracy (cut jobs)
    • take suggestions from citizens
• Never carried out, empress D.C. says too radical
• sept 21 1898 she carries out a military coup against E. Guangxu and claims that he is too ill but she really kidnaps him. 
• she cancels the reform and sends arrest warrants for all radical reformers, kang youwei and other escape to japan

• Sept 7 1901 punishment to china
  • indemnity: 450 million silver dollars
  • 9 officials are executed
  • send missions of apologies
  • foreigners are allowed to station guards in norther china
  • exam system suspended for 5 years in 45 regions which punish the elites
• long term consquences
  • too large indemnity; have huge loans
  • harms china's image
• Background of the Boxers:
  • lower class response to failing gov't (social services decling)
  • society of righteous and harmonious fists
    • martial arts (you have to be admitted) "secret society"
  • Growing cuz of all the problems
  • to join you have to have 8 hrs of martial arts
    • 100 days amunity to bullets
    • 400 day ability to fly
  • self help group
  • anti-govt' group yet Empress D.C. adopts them, they are anti-qing and anti -foreigners (more anti foreign)
  • use martial arts, lances, and swords
  • she was desperate so she offers them rewards for dead or alive foreigners
• Actions of the boxers
  • they kill converts, foreigners, burn churches and missionaries, etc
  • 1890 active in capital
  • june 19 1900  foreign legation surround diplomats r there and christians for protection
    • they are held hostage by boxers
    • june 21 the qing declares war against all foreign powers this continues for 2 months
  • August 14 1900 19,000 soldiers arrive to capitial to end this situation
  • boxers only killed 70 ppl out of 4000

• Modernizes army in northern china
• did a good job
• court comes to fear him

• 1866-1925 in south china (foreign present)
• founded united league (aka Revolutionary alliance)
• He wants a republic or democracy for china
• he is revered and loved on both sides communist and non communist
• difficult child, so his parents sent him to hawaii with his bro he goes to a boarding school with the church of england
• internal struggle loves and hates the west
• medical degree in hong kong
• involved in many revolutionary groups from 1895-1911-invovled in grouped that failed over throws 13 times

• Founded by Sun Yat-Sen
• 1905 founded in Japan
• Branches all round china
• Ideology is 3 principles of ppl
• hated gap of wealth

Three principles of the People

• Nationalism
  • preach a common enemy to unite chinese enemy is manchus and imperialism
• Democracy
  • China should have a time table for democracy
  • stages:
    • 1.Revolution
    • 2. 3 yrs under military dictatorship
    • 3. 6 yrs provisional constitution to teach democracy
    • 4. Democracy

• Central china the group was making bombs and one accidently went off
• so they decided to start the revolution