Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Fall Final
MIC 205
134
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
12/04/2010

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Resident microorangisms that inhabit the body surfaces. Type of work (where/what), diet, can include disease organisms
Definition
Normal flora
Term
One organism benefits and the other is not harmed
Definition
Commensalism
Term
One organism benefits (pathogen) and the other organism is harmed (host)
Definition
Parasitism
Term
When the relationship benefits both organisms
Definition
Mutualism
Term
Living in the same household, when two or more organisms are living together
Definition
Symbiosis
Term
Organisms that can cause disease under certain circumstances
Definition
Opportunistic
Term
Result of having a disease
Definition
Naturally acquired active immunity
Term
Immunity passed from mother to child
Definition
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Term
Result of having a vaccine
Definition
Artificially acquired active immunity
Term
Immunity as result of gamma globulin injection
Definition
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Term
Gram negative bacteria with lipopolysaccharide layer that can be broken down and Lipid A is released
Definition
Endotoxins
Term
Proteinaceous bacteria that are secreted by bacteria. Gram positive bacteria, inside bacterial cell wall
Definition
Exotoxins
Term
Protein in structure
Definition
Exotoxins
Term
Immunity is to toxoids
Definition
Exotoxins
Term
Causes infection and disease conditions
Definition
Exotoxins and Endotoxins
Term
Released upon cell death
Definition
Endotoxins
Term
Immunity is to whole cell preparations
Definition
Endotoxins
Term
Gram negative bacteria that have do with the endotoxins
Definition
Food infections
Term
Gram positive bacteria that have to do with the exotoxins
Definition
Food poisoning
Term
Food infections and food poisoning collectively
Definition
Food intoxication
Term
Developed the first safe and effective Poliovirus vaccine.
Definition
Salk
Term
Formulin titration form of vaccines
Definition
Killed preparations
Term
Developed attenuated strains of Polio vaccine
Definition
Sabin
Term
3 principle types of vaccines
Definition
Killed preparations, attenuated strains, and toxoids (OTP)
Term
Must take ______ different preparations to become immune
Definition
3
Term
Heat killed types of vaccines
Definition
Whole celled preparation
Term
Absolute absence of all life forms in a given area
Definition
Sterile
Term
Chemical that is used to kill disease organisms on inanimate surfaces
Definition
Disinfectant
Term
Prevents growth and multiplication of organisms on animate surfaces
Definition
Antiseptic
Term
Usually the most effective method of killing microorgansims
Definition
Heat
Term
Type of sterilization that involves using an autoclave at ____ degrees Celsius, ____ # psi, and for _______
Definition
Moist heat, 121 degrees Celsius, 15 # psi, and for 15-20 minutes
Term
Type of sterilization that involves _____ degrees Celsius for ________
Definition
Dry Heat, 170 degrees Celsius, 1.5-3 hours
Term
Use of bacteria proof filters
Definition
Filtration
Term
Can mutate bacteria with various strengths of exposure to this type of radiation, Non ionizing type of radiation
Definition
Ultraviolet light
Term
All radiations below 200 nm, Gamma is the main source for RAD sterilization and this is the most useful type of radiation
Definition
Ionizing radiation
Term
Sensitive to heat
Definition
Heat labile
Term
Used for heat labile surfaces/organisms
Definition
Gas sterilization
Term
Bacteria that grow and multiply from -5°C-15°C
Definition
Psychrophiles
Term
Bacteria that grow at ordinary/room/slightly above temperatures of 15°C-50°C
Definition
Mesophilic
Term
Bacteria that grow and multiply from 50°C-92°C
Definition
Thermophilic
Term
Performed with dilution blanks (most often 99 mL blanks), would need 3 dilution blanks to make plates from -2--7
Definition
Standard plate count
Term
Colony range that dictates the dilution to be counted
Definition
25-250
Term
Uses 0.01 micrometer filter paper and is the most accurate enumeration method
Definition
Membrane filtration
Term
Media is designed to count particular bacteria you are interested in, pH indicatior turns yellow with any acid, Chart provides the correct number
Definition
Most Probable number
Term
Uses a colorimeter, have to relate od value to standard value curves, 10^-5/mL cells are usually used, one of the more accurate methods of enumeration
Definition
Spectrophotometric (Turbidometric)
Term
Considered a survival cell, not a reproductive cell, classed as resistant to ultraviolet light, greater than 100,000 years old
Definition
Endospores
Term
Polysaccharide or murien layer, gives rigidity to cell wall
Definition
Peptidoglycan
Term
Gram negative cells, short appendages, involved in mechanism of variability, involved in conjugation which is closest to sexual reproduction
Definition
Pili
Term
Electron dense area visible only with electron microscope
Definition
Nucleoid
Term
Organ of movement of bacteria
Definition
Flagella
Term
Gram negative division of bacteria
Definition
Gracilicutes
Term
Gram positive division of bacteria
Definition
Firmicutes
Term
Wall free division of bacteria
Definition
Tenericutes
Term
Archaebacteria, which is the most primitive bacteria, division of bacteria
Definition
Mendosicutes
Term
Electrons are always passed to ________ molecules
Definition
Organic
Term
Found in Gm + cells but not Gm - cells
Definition
Techoic Acid
Term
Enzyme that will split between NAG and NAM (M acetyl muramieacid) chains and degrade the cell wall and eventually yield a protoplast (wall-free structure/Oval, membrane-bounded structrue). Will never completely take away the cell wall and the shape and structure will yield a spheroplast as opposed to a protoplast. When cell wall is taken away, viruses can be applied into the cell. Will not work as well unless the chemical EDTA is also used
Definition
Lysozyme
Term
Have an outer envelope called a lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS), have a thin cell wall
Definition
Gm -
Term
Has a cation calcium between it and the cell wall, holds it to the cell wall
Definition
Lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS)
Term
Extra chromosomal DNA that may replicate and maybe pass from one bacterial cell to another during conjugation
Definition
Plasmid
Term
Resistant to ultraviolet light, highly resistant, formed in Clostridium and Bacillus, survival structure, Calcium dipicolinate: 15% of cell is occupied by this chemical per weight. Is what makes it so resistant. Sometimes posses inclusion bodies (deposits of materials inside certain cells that can take the form of storage, granules, and various types of phosphate granules)
Definition
Endospores
Term
Final electron acceptor is an organic compound (Acetaldehide), Sacchromyces cerevisiea var. ellipsoideus (common wine yeast) and Saccharomyces cerevisieae var. Carlsbergensis (common beer yeast)
Definition
Ethanol Fermentation
Term
Any energy yielding reaction, series of biologic oxidations, Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle, aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Definition
Cellular Respiration
Term
Lactococcus lactis var. lactis,(Streptococcus lactis), milk bacteria in all raw milk, skim milk, buttermilk, sour cream, cottage cheese, yogurt (Lactobacillus bulgaricius and Streptococcus thermophilus), Kumiss fermented with mare's mile, Kelfir fermented with Lactobacillus bulguricus and yeast with low level of alcohol that has popcorn-like curd balls, final electron acceptor if pyruvic acid
Definition
Lactic Fermentation
Term
Carried out by Enterobacter spp.
Definition
Butylene Glycol Fermentation
Term
Based upon carbon and energy source, purple sulfur bacteria: chlorobium, chloroherpeton, Pelodicyton, Carbon=inorganic and energy source=light
Definition
Photoautotrophs/Photolithotrophs
Term
Purple non sulfur bacteria: Carbon is organic and energy is light, Rhodospirillium, Rhodobacter, organism that utilize organic compounds
Definition
Photoheterotrophs/Photoorganotrophs
Term
Carbon source is CO2 and energy source is reduced inorganic ions, Ferrebacillus, Thiobacillus: sulfur oxidizing bacteria
Definition
Chemoautrophs/Chemolithotrophs
Term
Carbon source is organic and energy source is organic, common bacteria
Definition
Chemoheterotrophs/Chemoorganotrophs
Term
Respiration where the final electron acceptor is O2
Definition
Aerobic respiration
Term
Respiration where the final electron acceptor is an inorganic material other than oxygen
Definition
Anaerobic respiration
Term
Respiration where the final electron acceptor is an organic compound
Definition
Fermentation
Term
True nucleus, bound by a double membrane,;DNA is complexed with proteins called histones, and is organized into chromosomes; large and complex ribosomes-five kinds of rRNA and eighty proteins; cytoplasm is filled with a large, complex collection of organelles, many of them enclosed in their own membrane
Definition
Eukaryotes
Term
Have no nucleus; DNA is naked, meaning that it has no histones associated with it, and it is not formed into chromosomes; ribosomes are composed of only three kinds of rRNA and about fifty kinds of protein; contains no membrane-bound organelles which are independent of the plasma membrane
Definition
Prokaryotes
Term
Inactivated toxin that is still antigenic (will stimulate antibodies against organisms), Type of vaccine that characterizes immunity to tetanus
Definition
Toxoid
Term
Type of electron microscopy most often used in determining cell structure
Definition
Transmission electron microscopy
Term
Fermentative pathway unique to Enterobacter spp.
Definition
Butanediol
Term
Produced by Gram negative bacteria, chemically is a polysaccharide, responsible for enteric fever
Definition
Endotoxins
Term
Coagulase is produced by this group of pathogenic organisms
Definition
Staphylococci
Term
0.1 mL of a 10^-2 plated in SPC gave a colony count of 56. Total count per mL
Definition
5.6*10^4
Term
Antibodies are in this serum protein fraction
Definition
Gamma globulin
Term
Clotting of plasma
Definition
Coagulase
Term
Can lyse red blood cells and destroy hemoglobins
Definition
Hemolysins
Term
Most correlated with pathogenicity
Definition
Beta hemolysis
Term
Factors affecting microbial pathogenicity
Definition
Portal of entry, dosage, virulence
Term
Factors affecting virulence
Definition
Infectiousness, invasiveness, toxicity: endotoxins-food infections, exotoxins-food posioning
Term
Chemical substances that stimulate antibody productions, stimulate immune system to produce antibodies
Definition
Antigen
Term
Gamma globulin molecules produced in response to a specific antigen
Definition
Antibodies
Term
An incomplete antigen that will not produce antigens by itself
Definition
Hapten
Term
Tests employing serum in serial dilutions
Definition
Serological tests
Term
Clear to amber fraction of clotted blood
Definition
Serum
Term
At 80%, most common group of immunoglobulins
Definition
IgG
Term
At 5%, most complex group of immunoglobulins
Definition
IgM
Term
At 0.002%, least concentrated group of immunoglobulins
Definition
IgE
Term
15% of immunoglobulins
Definition
IgA
Term
0.2% of immunoglobulins
Definition
IgD
Term
Tube precipitin and microprecipitin
Definition
Precipitin reactions
Term
Agar is ion agar, node agar or agarose +, spurr formation
Definition
Oucterlony Agar-Double Diffusion test
Term
One of the most sensitive tests, double antibody sandwich or indirect ________, if antigen is specific to antibody, you will get binding
Definition
ElisA test (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay)
Term
Activation of complement: microbe attacking proteins in blood and lymph and extracellular fluids
Definition
Innate immunity
Term
Slowest of three immune systems to respond, but the most complicated and powerful; it is effective against all classes of microorganisms: prokaryotic, eukaryotic, viarl, and even helminth
Definition
Adaptive immune system
Term
Central to adaptive immune system, type of leucocyte, smooth, round, lack visible granules and are relatively small
Definition
Lymphocytes
Term
Where lymphocytes are formed, differentiate; where they are stored and through which they are transported
Definition
Lymphoid tissues
Term
Three kinds of leucocytes
Definition
B lymphocytes: B cells, T lymphocytes: T cells, and natural killer: (NK cells) innate immune system
Term
Play a central role in the adaptive immune system, are triggered into action against invading pathogens when they encounter antigens, able to attack all pathogens
Definition
B and T cells
Term
Every microorganism has its own unique constellation of molecules that acts as _______
Definition
Antigens
Term
All B cells respond the same way to antigens, they produce defensive proteins __________
Definition
Antibodies
Term
Cytotoxic T cells that respond by killing cells in our body that have been infected by a pathogen and bear their antigens, helper T cells augment the antimicrobial activities of other lymphocytes, some activate macrophages to become more efficient phagocytes; other stimulate B cells to produce more antibodies
Definition
T cells responses
Term
B and T cells confer different types of adaptive immunity termed:
Definition
Humoral (B cell) and Cell-mediated (T cell)
Term
B cells respond to antigens by differentiating and producing antibodies which circulate in our blood; the type of immunity is known as _________
Definition
Antibody-mediated immunity or Humoral immunity
Term
Neutralize or vital compounds on the surface of pathogens by binding them, they bind to antigens on the surface of pathogens which facilitate their destruction by phagocytes, when bound to the surface of pathogens, they activate complement (set of pathogens destroying proteins in serum)
Definition
Antibodies protection methods
Term
T cells respond to antigens that appear on the surface of pathogen infected cells, because T cells attack infected cells, they type of immunity is _________
Definition
Cell-mediated immunity
Term
Where lymphocytes are formed or differentiate
Definition
Primary lymphoid tissues
Term
Two primary lymphoid tissues
Definition
Bone marrow and thymus
Term
Jelly-like mass in core of our long bones, vertebra, ribs, sternum, long bones of the arms and legs, and pelvis; consists of a lot of fat and also stem cells; give rise to blood cells and B and T lymphocytes
Definition
Bone marrow
Term
Remain in the bone marrow to differentiate once formed
Definition
B cells
Term
Leave bone marrow and migrate to the thymus (gland located in the front of the heart) where they differentiate
Definition
T cells
Term
When newly differentiated B cells and T cells escape from their primary lymphoid tissue by entering small blood vessels passing through the tissues; they then travel through the bloodstream to storage sites known as _________-
Definition
Secondary lymphoid tissues
Term
Where most lymphocytes are stored
Definition
Lymph nodes and spleen
Term
Where some secondary lymphoid tissues are
Definition
Tonsils, spleen, adenoids (nose), appendix, Peyer's patches (small pockets of lymphoid tissues in intestinal wall)
Term
Where B and T lymphocytes interact and become activated to attack invading pathogens
Definition
Secondary lymphoid tissues
Term
Components of the immune system that recognize antigens, they are capable of recognition because they have antigen receptors on their cell surface
Definition
Lymphocytes
Term
Tethered antibody molecules on their cell surface
Definition
Surface immunoglobulins
Term
T cell receptors
Definition
T cell antigen receptors
Term
Fully differentiated B cell
Definition
Native B cell
Term
Small signal proteins produced by lymphocytes
Definition
Lymphokines
Term
Activated B cells give rise to ________ that are prodigious products of antibodies
Definition
Plasma cells
Term
Defensive system that participates in lysis of foreign cells, inflammation and phagocytosis
Definition
Complement
Term
Serum heated 56°C for 30 minutes to destroy complement, serum diluted and known quantities of non-human complement added plus test antigen, incubated to allow time for reaction in any antibody present, indicator system of sheep red blood cells in antibody cells, if antibody cells to test antigen, then complement is bound, if not then complement not fixed; all sheep red blood cells will be lysed
Definition
First stage of complement fixation test
Term
Indicator system to determine if complement is fixed or free, sheep red blood cells with complement fixing antibodies and specific antibodies bound and attached to their surfaces (exposure to cells causes lysis which changes color of mixture), if antigen, antibody reaction occurred in stage one, then no complement to cause lysis
Definition
Second stage of complement fixation test
Term
Macrophages
Definition
Antigen-presenting cells
Term
When antigens are ingested and fragmented on
Definition
Antigenic peptides
Term
Molecules that play an important role in immunity
Definition
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Term
Macrophages roam the body, ingesting antigens; antigenic peptides (pieces of the petides join to MHC), MHC + peptides are displayed on the cell surface, T lymphocytes have receptors that recognize different MHC-peptide combinations, T cells activated by recognition divide and secrete, memory and lymphokines chemical signals that mobilize other components of immune system, B cells respond recognize parts of antigens free in cells, Memory to plasma cells to antibody proteins
Definition
Representation of the immune response
Supporting users have an ad free experience!