Term
| What are the anterior attachments of the scalp? |
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Definition
| Eye brows through frontalis belly of fronto-occipitalis muscle |
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Term
| What is the posterior attachment of the scalp? |
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Definition
| Superior nuchal line through occipitalis belly of fronto-occipitalis muscle |
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Term
| What are the lateral attachments of the scalp? |
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Definition
| Zygomatic arches and ears |
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Term
| What are the layers of the scalp? |
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Definition
| Skin, Connective tissue, galia Aponeurotica, Loose connective tissue, Pericranium (S-C-A-L-P) |
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Term
| What is the function of the loose connective tissue in the scalp? |
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Definition
| Allows spread of blood, pus, or fluid by pealing through in all directions |
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Term
| Why is loose connective tissues of the skull an ideal place for injecting local anesthetics? |
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Definition
| Continues into eyelids and root of nose without barrier, is not a insertion site for skin |
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Term
| What connects intracranial dural venous sinuses to scalp veins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What forces blood to spread from the scalp to intracranial dural venous sinuses? |
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Definition
| Pressure and lack of valves in emissary veins |
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Term
| Scalp infection of emissary veins may result in what conditions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Loose connective tissue layer of the scalp may facilitate the spread of infection. What is this area known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the lymph nodes of the scalp? |
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Definition
| Occipital, mastoid, pre-auricular, and parotid nodes |
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Term
| Where do the lymph nodes of the scalp ultimately drain to? |
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Definition
| Upper deep cervical nodes |
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Term
| What are the two layers of the dura mater? |
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Definition
| Periosteal layer lining the bone of the skull cap and the inner meningeal layer |
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Term
| What dural fold separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres? |
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Definition
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Term
| What horizontal dural fold separates cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellar lobes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What anterior opening of the tentorium cerebelli allows continuity of cerebral hemispheres with the brainstem? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vertical dural fold separates right and left cerebellar lobes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What small horizontal dural fold separates the inferior surface of the brain from the pituitary gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the source of the anterior meningeal artery and what does it supply? |
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Definition
| Ethmoidal artery which branches from the opthalmic artery, supplies anterior cranial fossa dura mater |
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Term
| What is the source of the middle and accessory meningeal arteries and what doe they supply? |
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Definition
| Maxillary artery, supplies dura of the middle cranial fossa |
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Term
| What supplies blood to the dura in the posterior cranial fossa? |
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Definition
| Posterior meningeal, ascending pharyngeal, occipital, and vertebral arteries |
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Term
| What provides innervation to the dura of the anterior cranial fossa? |
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Definition
| Ethmoidal nerve (of V1), and meningeal branches (of V1) to the falx cerebri and tetnroium cerebelli |
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Term
| What provides innervation to the dura of the middle cranial fossa? |
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Definition
| Meningeal branches of V2 and V3 |
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Term
| What provides innervation tot he dura of the posterior cranial fossa? |
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Definition
| Meningeal branches of cervical spinal nerves C1-3 |
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Term
| What space lies between the inner diploe of the skull and the periosteal layer of the dura? |
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Definition
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Term
| What space lies between meningeal layer of the dura and the arachnoid mater? |
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Definition
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Term
| What space lies between the arachnoid and pia mater? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is contained within the subarachnoid space? |
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Definition
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Term
| Brain tissue drains venous blood backward from what major sinuses to the confluence of sinuses? |
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Definition
| Superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight, and occipital sinuses |
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Term
| What does the confluence of the major sinuses drain into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What drains venous blood from the eyeball and orbital structures to the cavernous sinus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What allows venous blood to drain from the cavernous sinus to the transverse sinus? |
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Definition
| Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses |
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Term
| What does the transverse sinus drain into? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the sigmoid sinus drain into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the developmental origin of facial muscles responsible for expression? |
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Definition
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Term
| What innervates muscles of the face responsible for expression? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the orbicularis oculi muscle gently closes eyelids in order to blink? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the orbicularis oculi muscle forcefully closes eyelids in order to wink? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the orbicularis oculi muscle helps drainage of tears into lacrimal ducts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What facial muscle allows for vertical wrinkling of the forehead such as in frowning? |
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Definition
| Corrugator supercili muscle |
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Term
| What cosmetic treatment also used to address migraines can surgically sever or paralyze the currugator supercili? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes horizontal wrinkling of the forehead and the raising of eyebrows? |
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Definition
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Term
| What facial muscle raises the corners of the mouth as in a smile? |
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Definition
| Zygomaticus major and minor |
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Term
| What facial muscle deepens the furrow between the nose and the corners of the mouth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What facial muscle elevates the upper lip and helps dilate the nostrils as in a snarl? |
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Definition
| Lavator labii superioris alaeque nasi |
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Term
| What facial muscle both elevates the corners of the mouth and helps deepen the furrow between the nose and mouth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What facial muscle pulls the corners of the mouth laterally and upward as in a grin? |
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Definition
| Risorius (frequently absent) |
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Term
| What singular muscle encircles the mouth and is responsible for symmetrical movements of the lips as in whistling? |
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Definition
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Term
| What facial muscle depresses the corners of the mouth as in frowning? |
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Definition
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Term
| What facial muscle depresses the lower lip and moves it laterally? |
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Definition
| Depressor labii inferioris |
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Term
| What facial muscle is the "pouting" muscle that raises and protrudes lower lip as in when drinking from a cup |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two parts of the nasalis muscle and what are their functions? |
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Definition
| Transverse part - compression of nostrils, and alar part - dilation of nostrils |
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Term
| What facial muscle draws medial parts of the eyebrows downward to produce transverse wrinkles over the nasal bridge? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the depressor septi nasi muscle? |
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Definition
| Assists alar partof nasalis in dilation of the nostrils |
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Term
| What are the three types of auricular muscles? |
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Definition
| Anterior, posterior and superior |
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Term
| What are the origin and insertion points of the buccinator muscle? |
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Definition
| Originates from the outer surface of maxilla and mandibles and the anterior border of the pterygomandibular raphe and inserts in the angle of the mouth |
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Term
| What is the action performed by the buccinator muscle? |
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Definition
| Compresses cheeks against teeth to help mastication, puffs on blowing as in trumpet playing |
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Term
| What innervates the buccinator muscle? |
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Definition
| Buccal branch of CN VII (facial nerve) |
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Term
| What nerve pierces the buccinator muscle to innervate cheek mucous membrane and overlying skin? |
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Definition
| Buccal branch of CN V (trigeminal nerve) |
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Term
| Where are the parotid glands located? |
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Definition
| Bony depression between the external auditory canal, mastoid process, and ramus of the mandible |
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Term
| What encapsulates the parotid gland? |
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Definition
| Tough fibrous paraotid sheath |
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Term
| What are the two layers of the parotid gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nerve pierces the parotid gland? |
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Definition
| CN VII (facial nerve), divides inside parotid substance into upper & lower trunks - does not provide innervation |
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Term
| What does the parotid duct open into? |
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Definition
| Oral vestibule against upper 2nd molar |
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Term
| What innervates the parotid gland? |
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Definition
| Sensory by auriculotemporal nerve branch of V3, parasympathetic (secretomotor) via preganglionic fibers from CN IX (glossopharyngeal n.) and postganglionic fibers from OTIC ganglion |
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Term
| What branches of the external carotid supply blood to the face? |
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Definition
| Inferior labial, superior labial, lateral nasal, angular, superficial temporal, and maxillary arteries |
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Term
| What are the branches of the superficial temporal artery that supply blood to the face? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the branches of the maxillary artery that supply blood to the face? |
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Definition
| Infra-orbital, buccal, and mental arteries |
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Term
| What are the branches of the internal carotid that supply blood to the face? |
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Definition
| Branches of the opthalmic artery |
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Term
| What branches of the opthalmic artery supply blood to the face? |
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Definition
| Zygomaticofacial, zygomaticotemporal, and dorsal nasal artery |
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Term
| Describe the route blood in the angular vein takes to reach the internal jugular vein? |
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Definition
| Angular vein -> facial vein and anterior division of retromandibular vein -> common facial vein -> internal jugular vein |
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Term
| What connects facial veins to the cavernous sinus? |
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Definition
| Directly via superior and inferior opthalmic veins, indirectly via pterygoid plexus of veins |
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Term
| What are the branches of the upper/temporofacial trunk of CN VII (facial n.) that provide motor innervation to facial muscles? |
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Definition
| Temporal, zygomatic, buccal nerves |
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Term
| What are the branches of the lower/cervicofacial trunk of CN VII (facial n.) that provide motor innervation to facial muscles? |
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Definition
| Marginal mandibular and cervical nerves |
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Term
| What are the branches of the V1 (opthalmic) that provide sensory innervation to the face? |
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Definition
| Supraorbital, supratrochlear, infratrochlear, lacrimal, and external nasal nerves |
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Term
| What are the branches of V2 (maxillary) that provide sensory innervation to the face? |
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Definition
| Infraorbital, zygomaticofacial, and zygomaticotemporal nerves |
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Term
| What are the branches of V3 (mandibular) that provide sensory innervation to the face? |
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Definition
| Mental, inferior alveolar, and auriculotemporal nerves |
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