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| compound containing one or more benzene rings |
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| derived from the latin 'aroma' meaning fragrance |
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| A very long molecular chain, formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers). |
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| A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule. |
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| A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure. |
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| A region within an atom that can hold up to two electrons with opposite spins. |
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| The average enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1 mol of a given type of bond in the molecules of a gaseous species. |
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| An organic ion in which a carbon atom has a negative charge. |
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| An organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge. |
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| A carbon atom attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms. |
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| A special type of E/Z isomerism in which each carbon of the C=C double bond carries the same atom or group: the cis isomer (Z isomer) has that group on each carbon on the same side; the trans isomer (E isomer) has that group on each carbon on different sides. |
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| A bond formed by a shared pair of electrons. |
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| A symbol used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of an electron pair during the breaking or formation of a covalent bond. |
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| A shared pair of electrons in which the bonded pair has been provided by one of the bonding atoms only; also called a coordinate bond. |
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| Electrons that are shared between more than two atoms. |
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| A formula showing the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them. |
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| A type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C double bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotation of the C=C bond. |
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| An atom (or group of atoms) which is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond. |
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| Electrophilic substitution |
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| A type of substitution reaction in which an electrophile is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond. |
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| The removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule. |
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| The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound. |
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| Stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other; also called ‘optical isomers’. |
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| The part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions. |
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| The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series. For example, the general formula of the alkanes is CnH2n+2. |
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| A reaction with water that breaks a chemical compound into two compounds; the H and OH in a water molecule becomes incorporated into the two compounds. |
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| A species formed in one step and used up in a subsequent step and so never seen as either a reactant or a product. |
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| A system of naming compounds. |
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| An atom (or group of atoms) which is attracted to an electron-deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond. |
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| Stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other; also called ‘enantiomers’. |
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| A reagent that oxidises (takes electrons from) another species. |
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| A compound containing amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Often the number of amino acids is indicated by the prefix, di-, tri-, tetra-: |
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| The reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by sideways overlap of p-orbitals. |
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| A molecule with an overall dipole, having taken into account any dipoles across bonds. |
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| The continuous boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure that the reaction takes place without the contents of the flask boiling dry. |
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| The time for a component to pass from the column inlet to the detector. |
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| A simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups. |
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| The longest carbon chain present in an organic molecule. |
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| Compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space. |
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| A formula showing the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule. |
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| Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangements of atoms. |
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| A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms. |
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| A hydrocarbon containing multiple carbon-to-carbon bonds. |
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| A dipolar ionic form of an amino acid that is formed by the donation of a hydrogen ion from the carboxyl group to the amino group. As both charges are present there is no overall charge. |
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