Male sex hormones, in mammals, the principal on is testosterone 

antigens

protien or carbohydrate substances (such as toxins or enzymes) that, when introduced into the body, stimulate the production of anibodies 

arousal theory

explanation of behavioral differences in terms of the interactions between inherited levels of nervous system arousal and levels of environmental stimulation

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

the part of the central nervous system located in the lower brain stem; it is involved in the arousal of the cerebral cortex

autonomic nervous system

the part of the peripheral nervous sustem- usually not under the individual's voluntary control- that regulates the operation of internal organs and glands; it consists of the sypathetic and parasympathetic subsystems 

behavior therapy

multifaceted approach to the treatment of disorders based on the principles of conditioning, counterconditioning, extinction and reinforcment 

classical conditioning 

association learning whereby a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally evokes an unconditioned response. through pairing with the unconditioned response, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, which when presented in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a conditioned response that is similar to the unconditioned response.

cortical arousal 

state of the cortex during periods of perceptual or cognitive arousal 

counterconditioning 

procedure often utilized for therapeutic purposes, in which a conditioned response is weakened by associating the stimulus that evokes itwith a new resposne that is antagonistic (incompatible) with the conditioned response

divergent thinking

the ability to think along many different paths, to consider alternatives not ordinarily considered in trying to solve problems

dyzygotic twins

twins that develop simultaneously from two separate fertilized eggs (also called fraternal twins)

dopamine

a neurotransmitter or chemical in the brain that, in excessive amounts, can reduce cognitive inhibitions

electrodermal response

changes in the electrical conductance of the skin that are associated with arousal 

electroencenphalogram (EEG)

 recording of electrical activity in the cerbral cortex obtained my means of electrodes placed on the skull

evoked potentials

patterns of waves in the brain following its stimulation

extraverts

individuals who have an outgoing and sociable approach to life

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)

 an inventory designed to measure the major personality types of adults

flooding

form of behavior therapy in which the client is exposed to the most intense stimuli that evoke fear, typically for prolonged periods of time, in an effort to extinguish it  

hedonic tone

positive or negative feelings and evaluations associated with various levels of arousal

inhibition theory

explanation of behavioral differences on the basis of inhibitory cortical processes that hinder nervous system arousal

introverts

indivduals who have a shy and retiring approach 

Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

inventory designed to measure the major personality types in children

modeling

demonstration of behavior by one person so that another person can imitate it

monozygotic twins

twins who develop from the splitting of a single fertilized egg (also called identical twins)

neurotics 

individuals who are emotionally unstable and overly reactive to stimuli

parasympathetic nervous system

division of the autonomic nervous system that conserves bodily energies by slowing heart and breathing rates

psychopathology

various forms of disordered behavior that vary in terms of the severity of impairment

psychotics

individuals who are aloof, inhumane, aggressive, and insensitive to the needs of others, but also creative

pulpillary response

changes in dilation of the pupils of the eyes associated with arousal

reactive inhibitation

each time a person responds, a small increment of neural fatigue is built up. over many responses, fatigue builds to the point where the person stops responding

schizophrenia

severe psychotic disorder characterized by flat or inappropriate emotion and by withdrawal from external reality and other people. they are also characterized by thought disorder. while their lack of cognitive inhibition may sometimes result in creative test performances because it allows them to think in unusal ways, sometimes their inability to control the running together of ideas produces gibberish

serotonin

a chemical neurotransmitter in the brain believed to be associated with psychoticism and schizophrenic thinking

sympathetic nervous system

division of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body's resources for action, speeding up heart rate and breathing rates and slowing the digestive process

systematic desensitization

behavior therapy designed to reduce the strong anxieties associated with various stimuli; the client is gradually exposed to them and, at each level in the anxiety hierarchy, learns new responses through counterconditioning

typology

a means of classifying behavior through the use of continuous, highly abstract concepts (types) that encompass clusters of correlated traits

visceral brain

parts of the brain that underlie emotional feelings and expressions; also known as the limbic system