Term
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Definition
| Elliptical open space between eyelids |
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Term
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Definition
| Border between cornea and sclera |
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Term
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Definition
| Strips of connective tissue that give eye shape |
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Term
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Definition
| Modified sebaceous glands for lid lubrication |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides conjunctiva and cornea irrigation |
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Term
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Definition
Clouding of crystalline lens from a clumping of proteins.
17.2% of Americans >40 have them. |
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Term
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Definition
Optic nerve neuropathy characterized by loss of peripheral vision caused by increased intraocular pressure.
Age is primary risk.
Women have higher likely, |
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Term
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Definition
| Corner of the eye where the lids meet |
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Term
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Definition
| Small fleshy mass containing sebaceous glands |
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Term
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Definition
| Provide eye with straight and rotary movement |
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Term
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Definition
Outer fibrous coat of eye.
Continuous with cornea, refracting media of eye that bends light to focus on inner retina. |
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Term
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Definition
Middle vascular layer of eye.
Prevents light from reflecting internally with dark pigmentation.
Delivers blood to retina. |
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Term
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Definition
Inner nervous layer of eye.
Visual receptive layer where light waves are changed into nerve impulses.
Contains optic disc, retinal vessels, macula.
Image formed is upside-down and reversed. |
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Term
| Anterior and Posterior chamber |
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Definition
| Lies behind cornea and behind iris (side of lens), respectively. |
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Term
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Definition
| Receives and transduces light from center of visual field. |
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Term
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Definition
Normal constriction of pupils when bright light shines on retina.
Sensory afferent link is CN II and motor efferent path is CN III.
Other eye has consensual reflex as well. |
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Term
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Definition
Reflex direction of eye toward object attracting our attention.
Image fixed center of visual field. |
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Term
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Definition
| Area of sharpest, keenest vision. |
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Term
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Definition
Adaptation of the eye for near vision. Curvature of lens through muscles of ciliary body.
Constriction of pupils. |
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Term
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Definition
Lens lose elasticity and become hard and glasslike.
This decreases ability for lens to change shape to accomodate for near vision.
By 40 y/o, 50% of people have. |
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Term
| Age-related macular degeneration |
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Definition
Loss of central vision caused by yellow deposits and neo-vascularity in macula.
Unable to read books or do fine work.
Difficulty distinguishing faces. Peripheral vision not affected. |
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Term
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Definition
Damage to blood vessels feeding retina.
Leading cause of blindness in working-age adults. |
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Term
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Definition
20 feet from chart.
Most common and accurate measure of vision.
The larger the denominator, the poorer the vision.
Top number indicates distance from chart, denominator is distance that normal eye could have read that particular line. |
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Term
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Definition
Test those > 40 and who have trouble reading.
Normal is 14/14 in each eye. |
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Term
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Definition
Test that shows loss of peripheral vision.
Start temporal direction and move fingers behind person.
Normal = 50 degrees upward, 90 temporally, 70 inferiorly, 60 nasally. |
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Term
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Definition
Swollen and puffy lids.
Lid tissues loosely connects.
Occurs with local infections. |
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Term
| Exophthalmos (protruding eyes) |
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Definition
Forward displacement of eyeballs and widened palpebral fissures.
"lid lag" |
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Term
| Ptosis (drooping upper lid) |
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Definition
| Occurs from neuromuscular weakness at oculomotor cranial nerve |
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Term
| Hirschberg test (corneal light reflex) |
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Definition
Assess parallel alignment of eye axes by shining light toward person's eye.
Note reflection of light on corneas.
Should be same spot on eye. |
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Term
| Diagnostic positions test |
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Definition
Move finger in 6 cardinal directions
Elicits muscle weakness during movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having pupils of two different sizes (have seen 20%) |
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Term
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Definition
Red glow that fills person's pupil during an eye exam.
Reflection of ophthalmoscope light off inner retina.
10 inches away from face at 15 degree lateral angle.
+6 for hyperopia, -6 for myopia |
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Term
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Definition
squint, crossed eye.
One eye deviates off fixation point.
Visual acuity in that eye deteriorates from disuse. |
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Term
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Definition
| If eye jumps to reestablish function, muscle weakness occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Excess skin folds over inner corner of eye that give false appearance of malalighment |
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Term
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Definition
| Yellowish elevated nodules cause by thickening of bulbar conjunctiva from decreased tear production and prolonged exposure to sun, dust.Normal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormal opacity on bulbar conjunctiva that grows of the cornea. |
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Term
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Definition
Gray-white arc around the limbus caused by dposition of lipid material.
Commonly seen around the cornea. Looks riased.
No effect on vision. |
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Term
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Definition
Soft, raised yellow plaques occurring on lids of inner canthus. Occur around 50s mostly in women.
Cholesterol levels do not matter. |
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Term
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Definition
Benign degenerative hyaline deposits.
Small, yellow dots scattered on retina.
No effect on vision, usually symmetrical on both eyes. |
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Term
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Definition
Eyelid abnormality that occurs in local infections.
Lids swollen and puffy, loosely connected, crying. |
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Term
| Exophthalmos (protruding eyes) |
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Definition
Forward displacement of eyeballs and widened palpebral fissures.
"Lid lag", upper lid rests above limbus and white sclera is visible. |
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Term
| Enophthalmos (sunken eyes) |
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Definition
Narrowed palpebral fissures, eyeballs recessed,
Caused by loss of fat in orbits and occurs with dehydration. |
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Term
| Ptosis (drooping upper lid) |
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Definition
Eyelid abnormality caused by neuromuscular weakness, oculomotor cranial nerve damage, or sympathetic nerve damage.
Impairs vision and gives sleep appearance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eyelid abnormality that can be indicator of downs syndrome but is normal in some children. |
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Term
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Definition
Lower lid is loose and rolling out, not approximate to eyeball.
Puncta cannot siphon tears effectively, causing excess tearing.
Dry and itchy.
Atrophy of elastic tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
Lower lid rolls in due to spasm of lids or scar tissue contracting.
Lashes rubbing irritates cornea.
"Foreign body" sensation. |
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Term
| Blepharitis (inflammation of eyelids) |
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Definition
Lesion on eyelid appears as scaly, greasy flakes and thickened, crusted lid margins that occur with staphylococcal infection or dermatitis.
Pain, burning, itching. |
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Term
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Definition
Beady nodule is lesion protruding on lid.
Infection of meibomian gland.
Can be chronic or acute. |
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Term
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Definition
Lesion appears as infection of staphylococcal on eyelid at hair follicles at lid margin. Red, swollen, painful.
Can cross contaminate with rubbing. |
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Term
| Dacryocystitis (inflammation of lacrimal sac) |
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Definition
Infection and blockage of lacrimal sac and duct. Swelling, redness occurs below inner canthus towards nose. Tearing and discharge from puncta.
Can also occur as infection (adenitis) in mumps, measles. |
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Term
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Definition
Often on lower lid, small painless nodule with central ulceration and pearly edges.
Associated with UV exposure. |
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Term
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Definition
Light directed to blind eye and no response occurs in either eye.
Response occurs if light directed at normal eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| Constricted, fixed pupils that can occur with glaucoma eye drops and narcotic use |
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Term
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Definition
Small regular pupil that does react to light and accommodation but other does not.
Lesion of sympathetic nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
"Pink eye" Infection of the conjunctiva.
Red, beefy looking vessels at periphery, commonly from bacterial or viral infection.
Normal vision. |
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Term
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Definition
Upper lid, conjunctiva, cornea inflamed from season allergies.
Eye itching, watering also occur. |
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Term
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Definition
Circumcorneal redness or deep, dull red halo around iris and cornea. Pupil shape irregular from iris swelling.
Blurred vision and pain. |
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Term
| Primary angle-closure glaucoma |
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Definition
Circumcorneal redness around iris with dilated pupil. Cornea looks steamy due to sudden clouding of vision.
Halos around lights. Requires emergency treatment to avoid permanent vision loss. |
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Term
| Subconjunctival hemorrhage |
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Definition
Red patch on sclera that looking alarming but not usually serious.
Sharp edges like spot of paint. Occurs from increased intraocular pressure. |
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Term
| Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus |
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Definition
Presentation of shingles involving ophthalmic nerve.
May have numbness, tingling, systematic symptoms.
Unilateral maculopapular rash around lid vesicles. |
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Term
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Definition
Trianuglar opaque wing of bulbar conjunctiva overgrows towards center of cornea.
Transclucent, yellow to white.
Invades from nasal side and may obstruct vision.
Happens from chronic exposure to hot, sandy climate. |
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Term
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Definition
Common result of blunt eye injury, stain reveals yellow-green branching.
Top lyer of corneal epithelium removed.
Intense pain and photophobia (sensitivity to light) |
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Term
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Definition
Iris pushed anteriorly from increased intraocular pressure.
Only temporal side of iris is illuminated, creating "shadow sign" |
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Term
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Definition
Purulent matter in anterior chamber of eye.
Occurs with iritis and inflammation in that chamber. |
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Term
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Definition
Blood in anterior chamber as result of herpes zoster or blunt trauma or hemorrhage.
Blood settles in front of iris. |
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Term
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Definition
Central opaque gray opacity in center of lens nucleus surrounded by black (as apparent in red reflex)
Begins after 40 and gradually obstructs vision. |
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Term
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Definition
Star shaped opacity in outer cortex of lens. Progresses faster that nuclear cataract.
White spokes with black center. |
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Term
| Optic atrophy (Disc pallor) |
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Definition
White or gray color of optic disc due to partial.complete death of optic nerve.
Decreased color vision. |
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Term
| Papilledema (choked disc) |
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Definition
Venous stasis shows redness and elevation of optic disc as result of increased intracranial pressure, usually from space-occupying mass.
Acuity not affected. |
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Term
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Definition
Primary open-angle glaucoma pressure decreases blood supply to retinal structures. Physiologic cup enlarges to more than half optic disc diamete.
Vessels displaced nasally, assymptomatic with decreased vision. |
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Term
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Definition
| Generalized decrease in retinal arteriole diameter. Occurs with severe hypertension. |
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Term
| Arteriovenous crossing (nicking) |
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Definition
Small arteriole is seen crossing a small vein resulting in bulging on either side of crossing.
Person has disc edema.
Occurs with malignant hypertension.
Silver-wire arteries. |
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Term
| Moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy |
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Definition
Microaneurysms appear within retina as small, studded red dots with smooth edges. Dot hemorrhages distinguished by irregular blurred edges.
Circular or linear pattern. |
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Term
| Severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy |
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Definition
| Lipid exudates and large flame-shaped hemorrhages visible on retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by refractive error, opacity in the media, or disorder in retina or optic pathway |
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Term
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Definition
Area in which fibers from retina converge to form optic nerve. Toward nasal saide of retina.
Contains physiological cup where blood vessels enter/exit. |
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Term
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Definition
| Paired artery and vein that grow progressively smaller as they extend toward periphery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve that innervates lateral rectus muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve that innervates superior oblique muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve that inervates all but the lateral rectur and superior oblique muscles of eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Fine, oscillating movement around iris. Disease occurs with semi circle canals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal surface of the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| Unit of strength of each lens of the opthalmoscope |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mild weakness in the eye apparent only with the cover test |
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