Insulin (muscli, liver, fat)

• Released in response to high blood glucose levels
  
• Increases glucose uptake (muscle, liver, fat)
• Stimulates glycogen synthesis (liver, muscle)
• Stimulates glycolysis, Acetyl CoA production (liver, muscle)
• Stimulates fatty acid synthesis (liver)
• Increases triacylglycerol synthesis (fat)

• Glucagon (liver)

Released in response to low blood glucose levels from the pancrease
Stimulates breakdown of glycogen
Stiumlates gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose)

• Ephinephrine (muscle and liver)

Increases breakdown of glyogen
Stimulates gluconeogenesis (in liver)
Increases glycolysis (muscle

Primary failure → little or no production of insulin

• Destruction of pancreatic β cells (autoimmune)
• Glucose cannot enter fat and muscle cells
• Gluconegenesis in liver not turned off
• High glucagon/Insulin ration stimulates glycogen breakdown
• Excess glucose enters blood from liver
  
• Uncontrolled breakdown of lipids and proteins, forming ketone bodies → lead to pH changes → long exposure can lead to coma and/or death.
  

Things to remember about Calvin Cycle:

What are the stages?

How many ATP and/or NADPH molecules used?

• Primary means of converting CO₂ glucose/organic matter.
• 3 ATP & 2 NADPH (from light reactions) → consumed for each molecule of CO₂ converted into hexose.
  
• Three stages: Carbon Fixation, Reduction, Regeneration
  
• One CO₂ enters cycle @ a time, but for synthesis of one GAP need 3 CO₂ & 3 Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
  

• Primary product of Calvin Cycle → can be converted to fructose and something else.
  
• For 1 GAP need: 6 NADPH, 9 ATP, 3 CO₂