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| Proximate = How? Ultimate = Why? |
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| Political Issues, Environmental issue (desertification), Rights to land |
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| Convention on the prevention and punishment of genocide |
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| UN General Assembly Resolution 260 9 December, 1948 |
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| Whether it occurs during a time of peace or war, genocide violates international law |
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acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. |
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The following acts shall be punishable: (a) Genocide;
(b) Conspiracy to commit genocide;
(c) Direct and public incitement to commit genocide;
(d) Attempt to commit genocide; (e) Complicity in genocide. |
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| Persons committing genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in Article 3 shall be punished, whether they are constitutionally responsible rulers, public officials or private individuals. |
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| DNA has 500 thousand years of divergence, first hominid to bury dead, very robust, appear to have gone extinct 28,000 years ago |
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| or Forehead box P2 - the language gene |
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| Four Fields of Anthropology |
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Definition
• Archaeology
• Biological (also called Physical)
Anthropology
• Cultural Anthropology
• Linguistic Anthropology |
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| Characteristics of Language |
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Definition
• Phonology – the study of sound in language
• Morphology – the study of word structure
• Syntax – the study of sentence structure
• Semantics – the study of meaning in language
• Pragmatics – the study of language use in actual social contexts |
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Tells you • Physiology
• Morphology • Behavior
• Ecology |
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| Linguistic Anthropologists |
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Definition
• Language ideologies – “the cultural system of ideas about social and linguistic relationships, together with their loading of moral and political interests,” (Irvine 1989:255). - Language in relation to social differences and inequalities (such as race, gender, class, ethnicity, sexual orientation, etc.)
• Conversation analysis
• Code‐switching in multilingual settings
• Literacy practices -Language socialization/acquisition
• Performance
• Relationship between language and thought (Sapir‐Whorf hypothesis)
• Endangered languages
• And many more topics... |
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| • Also called linguistic relativity • Language structures thought |
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US politics • Metaphors reveal how people think
• Use of metaphors can influence politics |
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| “Rather than seeing literacy as a set of portable, decontextualized information processing skills which individuals applied, Scribner and Cole reframed literacy as a set of socially organized practices (conceptually parallel to religious practices, childrearing practices, etc.) in which individuals engaged.” |
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• Population: 29.5 million people
• Area: roughly the size and shape of Tennessee
• Per capita income in 2006: $290 per person
• Overall adult literacy rate: 49% (women’s literacy is half this number)
• Previously the only Hindu kingdom in the world
• Declared a democratic federal republic in 2006 after a 10‐year‐long civil war between the Maoists and the government that killed 13,000 |
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| If we choose 100,000 speakers as a “safe” number, there might be 600 “safe” languages out of almost 7,000 total languages in the world (depending on how you count dialects and languages) |
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The top ten languages are spoken by almost half the world’s population.
• 389 languages (nearly 6%) have at least a million speakers and account for 94% of the world’s population.
• The remaining 6,520 languages (94% of all languages) are spoken by only 6% of the world’s population. |
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• Alaska – only 2 of the 20 Native languages are still being learned by children;
• Russian northern minorities – only 3 of 30 are still being learned by children;
• U.S. and Canada – 149 of 187 Native North American languages are moribund (80%). Australia – 90% of the 250 Aboriginal languages are moribund, most very near to extinction;
• Michael Krauss estimates that at least 3,000 of the world’s almost 7,000 languages will become extinct in the next century – and perhaps as many as 90% will become extinct or endangered. |
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Term
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Definition
• Sudden death – the loss of a language through the death of all of its speakers;
• Radical death – also the rapid loss of a language, typically motivated by political oppression;
• Bottom‐to‐top death – involves the loss of a language from casual contexts first, with the retention in ritual contexts, which is the opposite of what we usually find. |
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| All Cases of Language Death |
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Definition
• Essentially involve “normal” linguistic changes that occur at an accelerated rate for particular sociolinguistic reasons;
• Resemble pidginization and creolization (language birth) in the following ways: -All these processes involve language contact;
–All are partly motivated by social factors;
–All involve characteristic subsets of linguistic changes;
–All seem to have important implications for linguistic theory, language acquisition, and language change. |
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Definition
-Top‐to‐bottom gradual death involves the loss of a language from formal, public, and ritual contexts first, with retention in home and casual contexts;
• Bottom‐to‐top gradual death involves the loss of a language from casual contexts first, with the retention in ritual contexts, which is the opposite of what we usually find. |
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Definition
• Language ideologies – especially an “ideology of contempt” (Grillo) for the less dominant (socially, politically, economically) language;
• Official policies – e.g., U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs schools, “Welsh Not” badge in Wales |
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| What is lost when a language dies? |
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Definition
• Quote by Marianne Mithun: “There is not a language in North America..”
• Harrison:
–Erosion of human knowledge base;
–Loss of cultural heritage; and
–Failure to acquire a full understanding of human cognitive capacities. |
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Definition
5 reasons we should care if a language dies:
– Because we need diversity;
– Because language expresses identity;
– Because languages are repositories of history;
– Because languages contribute to the sum of human knowledge;
– Because languages are interesting in themselves. |
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| Language Revival and Revitalization |
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Definition
• Language revival: the resurrection of a “dead” language – one that has no remaining native speakers;
• Language revitalization: the rescue of an “endangered” or “moribund” language. |
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• Bottom‐to‐top death after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 C.E.;
• No use of Hebrew in regular conversation for 2000 years;
• Emergence of diasporic Jewish languages such as Yiddish and Ladino
• Choice of Hebrew when nation‐state of Israel was created. |
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| 1803: Father of the Atomic Theory, creates law of multiple proportions |
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| 1897: Credited with discovering the first sub atomic particle, able to detect electrons |
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Father of Nuclear Physics: o 1903 – hypothesis that radioactivity was caused by the breakdown of atoms
o 1908 – identified alpha particles as being the nuclei of atoms of helium
o 1911 – hypothesis that electrons orbit an atom’s nucleus
o 1919 – discovers the proton/Alchemy achieved
o 1938 – bombarding the nucleus of uranium with protons didn’t make a lot of sense |
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Definition
o Controlled by J. Leslie Groves, US Army Corps Engineers
o Science directed by J. Robert Oppenheimer, Berkeley physicist
o Initially a small research group
o Ultimately 130,00 people
o 2 billion dollars (=22 billion dollars today) |
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Untested, uranium, explosion • 15,000 tons of TNT – August 6th 1945
• The Dead
• 70,000 right away, US Department of Energy
• up to 166,000 by within a few months
• 200,000 by 1950 |
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tested, plutonium, implosion
• 40,000 dead right away, 60,000 injured
• 70,000 dead within a few months
• 140,000 dead by 1950 |
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November 1, 1952
o 12,000,000 tons of TNT |
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| March 1st, 1954, 15,00,000 tons of TNT, several thousand times more powerful than Little Boy or Fat Man |
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• U.S. is first country to test a nuclear weapon (first and only to use in war)
• Between July 1945‐September 1992, U'S conducted 1054 nuclear tests
• Tests conducted to test weapon design and weapon effects (how nuclear explosions affect other things; e.g., naval vessels, planes, and animals)
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Most nuclear tests at Nevada Test Site (NTS) but also on several Pacific islands: Bikini, Eniwetok, Johnston, and Christmas islands/atolls.
• Tests conducted in groups known as "operations" or "test series,“ involving large numbers of personnel
• Since July 1962, all nuclear tests conducted in U.S. have been underground, and most at the NTS |
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Definition
– China: 100-200 strategic warheads
– France: 350 strategic warheads
– Russia: 4,237 strategic warheads, 2,000-3,000 operational tactical warheads, and 8,000-10,000 stockpiled strategic and tactical warheads
– United Kingdom: Fewer than 160 strategic warheads
– United States: 5,914 strategic warheads, 1,000 operational tactical warheads, and 3,000 reserve strategic and tactical warheads
– India: Up to 100 strategic nuclear warheads
– Israel: Between 75 to 200 strategic nuclear warheads
– Pakistan: Up to 60 strategic nuclear warheads |
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• Different kinds of ionizing radiation: alpha, gamma, x‐rays
• Some are really bad – like alpha, 20 times as damaging
• Some are easily stopped, but some are hard to stop like gamma |
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Definition
What matters is equivalent, absorbed dose.
The Sievert (Sv) is the amount of a radiation absorbed to cause the same amount of biological damage that would be caused by the dose of gamma rays needed to add one joule of energy to one kilogram of matter. / Joules??? – 1000 joules is about the maximum amount of solar radiation absorbed by 1 square meter of the earth in 1 second |
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| Russell‐Einstein Manifesto |
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| “We appeal, as human beings, to human beings: Remember your humanity and forget the rest. If you can do so, the way lies open to a new paradise; if you cannot, there lies before you the risk of universal death.” |
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Berm
A large earthen berm will edge the surface “footprint” of the underground disposal facility, measuring
2,858 feet x 2,354 feet. The berm’s base is 100 feet wide; it reaches 33 feet high and is sloped at an angle to best minimize the effects of erosion.
Buried in the berm will be specially configured metal objects designed to reflect radar. A total of 128 of
these objects placed 294 feet apart around the footprint perimeter will provide a unique radar signature for the berm.
Permanent magnets also will be buried to provide a distinctive magnetic signature. |
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| • Resources and energy is limited - any organism is an energy throughput machine |
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Definition
o Population has forward momentum
• At replacement rate, ~2.1 children per female it would still take 2-3 generations for populations to stabilize
• Almost 1/3 of world populations (more in developing world)is under 15 and has not yet reproduced
• Current composite fertility rate for less developed world ~3.7 children per female o Population growth fueled by continued decline in mortality rate. |
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Definition
Published a book raising the questions about The Limits to Growth
o What we expect to happen to birth/death rates, what will happen with resources, and population, and how big of a problem is it? |
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Definition
• Club of Rome influenced
• Song Jian, missile scientist
• Few demographers
• Historically particular
•Scientism over Science | However in practice there are • 22 policy exceptions
• Exempting some ethnic groups • Rural exemptions
• Being a miner | How many births avoided? • official claim 400 million
• alternate estimate 100 million |
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Term
| Extinction of Ethnic Minorities |
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Definition
[General Idea, not all details] •48 of 55 designated ethnic groups are reproducing at less than the replacement level of 2.1 children
•5 groups with a birth rate of less than 1.05 children per family
•Moinba (population 8900)
• Russian (population 15,600) •Daganer (132,400)
•Xi (188 800)
•Koreans (1,923,800) and another
•14 other groups have a birth rate lower than 1.55 |
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Definition
• Women have an unmet need if they
– are sexually active
– do not want to have a child soon or at all – are not using any contraceptive method – are able to conceive | 15% of women in 3rd world countries have unmet need |
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| an organism that lives off of another, ultimately causing harm |
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| regularly found among particular people or in a certain area |
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| a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time |
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| widespread but does not have to kill everyone |
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| the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health. |
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(of a disease or poison) extremely severe or harmful in its effects.
• (of a pathogen, esp. a virus) highly infective. |
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| symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved. |
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Definition
• Virulence is a primitive character for a parasite
• Evolution (co‐evolution) will necessarily lead to commensalism, mutualism or the extinction of the host and/or parasite.
• Virulence is an indication of a recent association between a parasite and its host.
• Why?
• Because a dog does not bite the hand that feeds it. |
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Definition
• The direction a parasite may take in evolving to harm or benefit it’s host will depend on the relationship between the level of harm it causes (virulence) and it’s mode and rate of transmission.
• If virulence and rate of transmission are independent of one another we expect the evolution of mutualism –’conventional wisdom’. - BUT if virulence and the rate of transmission are related, then natural selection can favor the evolution and maintenance of virulence (harm). |
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| 2006 - exterminate 5.8 billion people from the Earth. He finds that "HIV is too slow, it's no good": Ebola is a better tool that "will control the scourge of the humanity; we're looking forward to a huge collapse". He argues that "we've grown fat, apathetic, and miserable." |
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Definition
Symptoms: • fever
• malaise
• headache
• sore throat
• vomiting
• Diarrhea
• joint and muscle pain + • coagulopathy
• maculopapular rash |
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Definition
Many of the worst human diseases are those we get from animals:
• Smallpox
• Flu
• Tuberculosis • Malaria
• Plague
• Measles
• Cholera
Endemic in animals; deadly in humans |
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Definition
• Vector borne (mosquitoes)
• Infects hundreds of millions per year (~500 million)
• Kills ~1 million /year, mostly young, mostly males
• Endemic in Africa; less so in other low-latitude areas
• Treatable but treatment inferior to prevention |
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• First identified as a syndrome in the late 1970s
• Largely isolated at that time to homosexual men and intravenous drug users
• HIV identified in the mid 1980s
• Efforts to reduce both virulence (via treatment) and transmission (via education)
• Effective treatments by the 1990s |
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• Killing many trees in both Yellowstone and Montana
• As temperatures get warming, their life cycles are quicker which allows for more bugs to kill forest |
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| Technical Problems with Synthetic Biology |
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Definition
• Part functions not defined (poor quality control)
• Unpredictable circuitry (interactions of parts not known)
• Complexity is very high (how to test parts)
• Incompatibility of parts
• Variability causes crashes |
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| Ethical Problems with Synthetic Biology |
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Definition
• “Playing God” – a reservation grounded in faith
• Scientific Hubris
• Who owns life?
• Weaponization / Bioterror
• Undermining Established Economies
• Undermining Life |
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| Different forms of Viral Transmission |
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Definition
| Waterborne, Vector Borne, Attendant Borne, and Sexual Transmission |
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Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere transmits visible light from the Sun but absorbs much of the infrared
light emitted by Earth's surface, which warms the atmosphere and surface. |
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Definition
carbon dioxide levels measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii are rising – seasonal variation that continues to rise
• 31% of carbon dioxide has increased in atmosphere
• methane and sulfur also increased
o all discovered from air bubbles in the ice
• The sources are human-caused
o Co2 – all (combustion)
o Methane – most (cows) |
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| Socolow’s plan consisted of a fifteen point system where each point, known as a “stabilization wedge”, would reduce carbon emission by one billion metric tons a year. The wedges consisted of finding alternative fuel sources such as wind, solar and nuclear power, along with developing new technology and upgrading current technology to reduce carbon emission. Socolow argues that the government needs to get involved in order help motivate people to lower carbon emissions. |
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