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| greater length than width and are slightly curved for strength |
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| cube-shaped and nearly equal in length and width |
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| thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue |
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| complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any other categories |
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| protect tendons from excessive wear and tear |
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| small bones located in sutures of cranial bones |
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composed of 22 bones
8 cranial bones
14 facial bones
General features:
–The skull forms the large cranial cavity and smaller cavities
•Nasal Cavity
•Orbits (eye socket)
•Paranasal sinuses: mucous-lined cavities in the skull
•Small cavities which house organs involved in hearing and equilibrium |
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| the only movable bone of the skull (besides ear ossicles) |
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| immovable joints that hold the skull bones together |
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epiphysis = ends of the bone, can be proximal or distal
diaphysis = middle of bone (longest part) |
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| axial skeleton components |
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| head, neck, vertebral column, thorax |
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•Forehead, roof of orbits, & anterior cranial floor
•Supraorbital margin and frontal sinus
•A “black eye” results from accumulation of fluid and blood in the upper eyelid following a blow to the relatively sharp supraorbital margin (brow line). |
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–sides & roof of cranial cavity |
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•Temporal
–temporal squama
–zygomatic process forms part of arch
–external auditory meatus
–mastoid process
–styloid process
–stylomastoid foramen (VII)
–mandibular fossa (TMJ)
–petrous portion (VIII)
-carotid foramen
(carotid artery)
-jugular foramen
(jugular vein)
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–foramen magnum
–occipital condyles
–external occipital protuberance attachment for ligamentumnuchae
–superior & inferior nuchal lines |
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Base of skull
•Pterygoid processes are attachment sites for jawmuscles
superior view
•Lesser wing & greater wing
•Sellaturcica holds pituitary gland
•Optic foramen
Anterior view
Body is a cube like portion holding sphenoid sinuses
•Greater and lesser wings
•Pterygoid processes
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forms:
–part of the anterior portion of the cranial floor
–the medial wall of the orbits
–the superior portion of the nasal septum
–most of the superior side walls of the nasal cavity.
–It is a major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity
•Crista galli attaches to the membranes that cover the brain
Lateral masses contain ethmoid sinuses
•Perpendicular plate is upper part of nasal septum
•Superior & middle nasal concha or turbinates
–filters & warms air
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Floor of orbit, floor of nasal cavity or hard palate
•Maxillary sinus
•Alveolar processes hold upper teeth
•Cleft palate is lack of union of maxillary bones |
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Cheekbones
•Lateral wall of orbit along with sphenoid
•Part of zygomatic arch along with part of temporal |
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•Lacrimal bones
–part of medial wall of orbit
–lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac |
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| inferior nasal conchae (image) |
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| inferior nasal conchae (info) |
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AKA turbinate
not part of ethmoid |
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•Body, angle & rami
•Condylar & coronoid processes
•Alveolar processes for lower teeth
•Mandibular & mental foramen |
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L-shaped : one end is back part of hard palate, other end is part of orbit |
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–posterior part of nasal septum |
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Divides nasal cavity into left and right sides
•Formed by vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid and septal cartilage
•Deviated septum does not line in the midline
–developmental abnormality or trauma |
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The orbits contain the eyeballs and associated structures and are formed by seven bones of the skull.
•Five important
–Roof is frontal and sphenoid
–Lateral wall is zygomatic and sphenoid
–Floor is maxilla, zygomatic and sphenoid
–Medial wall is maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid and sphenoid
–Orbital fissures and optic foramen
foramina are associated with each orbit |
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one of the foramina of the skull
–Inferior part of brain connects with spinal cord (CN XI)
–Vertebral and spinal arteries pass through this opening |
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one of the foramina
–Optic nerve (II) & ophthalmic artery |
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foramina of the skull
an opening on the internal surface of the ramus (posterior and perpendicularly oriented part of the mandible) for divisions of the mandibular vessels and nerve to pass |
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foramina of the skull
–Internal carotid artery |
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–CN VII (Facial) and stylomastoid artery |
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unites parietal and occipital |
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suture unites frontal and both parietal bones |
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•unites parietal and temporal bones |
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Paranasal sinuses are cavities in bones of the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity.
–They are lined by mucous membranes and also serve to lighten the skull and serve as resonating chambers for speech.
–Cranial bones containing the sinuses are the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillae.
–Sinusitis occurs when membranes of the paranasal sinuses become inflamed due to infection or allergy. |
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| paranasal sinuses (image) |
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•Fontanels are dense connective tissue membrane-filled spaces between the cranial bones of fetuses and infants. They remain unossified at birth but close early in a child’s life.
–The major fontanels are the anterior, posterior, anterolaterals, and posterolaterals .
•Fontanels have two major functions.
–They enable the fetal skull to modify its size and shape as it passes through the birth canal.
–They permit rapid growth of the brain during infancy.
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–U-shaped single bone
–Articulates with no other bone of the body
–Suspended by ligament and muscle from skull
–Supports the tongue & provides attachment for tongue, neck and pharyngeal muscles |
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•Also called the spine, backbone, or spinal column
•Functions to:
–Protect the spinal cord
–Support the head
–Serve as a point of attachment for the ribs, pelvic girdle, and muscles
•The vertebral column is curved to varying degrees in different locations
–Curves increase the column strength
–Help maintain balance in the upright position
–Absorb shocks during walking, and help protect the vertebrae from fracture |
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| the five vertebral regions |
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Backbone or spine built of 26 vertebrae
•Five vertebral regions
– cervical vertebrae are in the neck region
– thoracic vertebrae posterior to the thoracic cavity
– lumbar vertebrae in the low back region
– sacrum consists of 5 fused sacral vertebrae
– coccyx consists of 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae |
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•Between adjacent vertebrae absorbs vertical shock
•Permit various movements of the vertebral column
•Fibrocartilagenous ring with a pulpy center |
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| the four normal curves of the vertebral column |
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–Cervical and lumbar (anteriorly convex curves)
–Thoracic and sacral (anteriorly concave curves). |
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| normal curves of the spine in a fetus |
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•In the fetus, there is only a single anteriorly concave curve.
•Primary curves
–Thoracic and sacral are formed during fetal development
•Secondary curves
–Cervical is formed when infant raises head at 4 months
–Lumbar forms when infant sits up & begins to walk at 1 year
–All curves are fully developed by age 10. |
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•Body
–weight bearing
•Vertebral arch
–pedicles
–laminae
•Vertebral foramen
•Seven processes
–2 transverse
–1 spinous
–4 articular
•Vertebral notches |
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•Spinal canal is all vertebral foramen together
•Intervertebral foramen are 2 vertebral notches together |
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ring of bone, superior facets for occipital condyles
nodding movement at atlanto-occipital joint signifies “yes”
supports the skull
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dens or odontoid process is body of atlas
– pivotal movement at atlanto-axial joint signifies “no”
side to side rotation |
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| vertebra prominens (info) |
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| 7th of the cervical vertebrae |
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| vertebra prominens (image) |
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| cervical vertebra (image) |
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Smaller bodies but larger spinal canal
•Transverse processes
–shorter, with transverse foramen for vertebral artery
•Spinous processes of C2 to C6 often bifid
•1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae are unique - atlas & axis |
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| thoracic vertebrae (info) |
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•Larger and stronger bodies
•Longer transverse & spinous processes
•Facets or demifacets on body for head of rib
•Facets on transverse processes (T1-T10) for tubercle of rib |
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| thoracic vertebrae (image) |
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•Strongest & largest
•Short thick spinous & transverse processes
–back musculature |
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| types of vertebrae (comparison chart) |
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•Union of 5 vertebrae (S1 - S5) by age 30
–median sacral crest was spinous processes
–sacral ala (“wing”) is fused transverse processes
•Sacral canal ends at sacral hiatus
•Auricular surface & sacral tuberosity of SI joint |
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•The coccyx is formed by the fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae.
•Caudal anesthesia (epidural block), frequently used during labor (in childbirth), causes numbness in the regions innervated by the sacral and coccygeal nerves (approximately from the waist to the knees).
•Union of 4 vertebrae (Co1 - Co4) by age 30
•Caudal or epidural anesthesia during delivery
–into sacral hiatus anesthetize sacral & coccygeal nerves
–sacral and coccygeal cornu are important landmarks
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•Thoracic cage is formed by the:
–Sternum
–Ribs
–Costal cartilages
–Thoracic vertebrae
•Functions to:
–Enclose and protect the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
–Provide support for the bones of the upper limbs
–Play a role in breathing |
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The sternum is located on the anterior midline of the thoracic wall.
•It consists of three parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
•Manubrium
–1st & 2nd ribs
–clavicular notch
•Body
–costal cartilages of 2-10 ribs
•Xiphoid
–ossifies by 40
–CPR position
–abdominal mm.
•Sternal puncture
–biopsy
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–Ribs
•1-7 are true ribs (vertebrosternal)
•8-12 are false ribs (vertebrochondral)
•11-12 are floating
Increase in length from ribs 1-7, thereafter decreasing
•Head and tubercle articulate with facets
•Body with costal groove containing nerve & blood vessels
•Intercostal spaces contain intercostal muscles
RIB ARTICULATION
•Tubercle articulates with transverse process
•Head articulates with vertebral bodies
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