Expressionism

• artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse 
•  aim through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy and through the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements
• broader sense Expressionism is one of the main currents of art in the later 19th and the 20th centuries, and its qualities of highly subjective, personal, spontaneous self-expression are typical of a wide range of modern artists and art movements 

Nolde, Masks, 1911,German, Expressionism

• DIC Brucke -"The Bridge"- Urbanization - brutal, savage and powerful
• Relationship to Fauvism 
• Play with color - frieghtening  statement on the world around them
• Violence, harshness and nightmare
• reflection of his growing interest in non-Western cultures
•  capture a variety of cultures all on one canvas – carnival masks in the center and the shrunken head of a Yoruna Indian from Brazil in the lower right, among others

Kirchner, Street Dresden, 1908, Germany, Expressionism

Grosz, Fit for Active Service, 1916-1971, Germany, Expressionism

• Germans view of modernization
• Dr. Grosz New Objective
• WWII-1912- For war as cleansing agent
• KV fir for active service okay!
• Endigments of soldiers
• Critique
• Mechanisms
• Surpress imagination

Dix, Per Krieg (The War) , German, 1929-1932, Expressionism

• Devastation of war.
• Loser= more details
• Renaissance alterpiece= war is the religion
• Tree- crucifiction
• unflinching account of the horror and perversity of war
•  aftermath of battle: dying, dead, or decomposing bodies, shell-shocked soldiers, and bombed-out landscapes
• exploited the corrosive nature of etching and aquatint—mediums in which acid etches a metal printing plate—to heighten the sense of decay 

Vassily Kandinsky, Improvisation 28, 1912, French  Expressionism

• Blue Rider-movement (Brave Rider) born in Russia then moved to Germany
• Religion , Spiritual, art and music
• Take intangible of music to make visual art w/ same emotion
• Biomorphism
• horse-and-rider motif symbolized his crusade against conventional aesthetic values and his dream of a better, more spiritual future through the transformative powers of art

 Leger, The City, France, 1919, Expressionisim

• Purism, Machine estatic, robotic, cubic
• Adds color new advertisement 
• Very secondary (black figure) 
• Urban life 
• Traffic clear and ordered
• staccato rhythms of a modern urban environment, and the broad panorama of its buildings, scaffolding, and bridges
• architectural elements are punctuated by such signs of city life as shop window mannequins, rounded plumes of smoke, and a telephone pole, all rendered in bold, vibrant colors
•  Léger even included his own initials, "F L," among the array of stenciled letters, evoking the colorful billboard posters of the time

Fernard Leger , Three Women, 1921, France

• Dehumanized figure.
• Reference Picasso.
• Represents a group of 3 reclining nudes
• Bodies are simplified into rounded & dislocated forms
• Skin not soft, but firm buffed & polished
• Machinelike precision & solidity= faith in modern industry & hope art
• Machining age reverse chaos of WWI

Futurism

•  Grounded in Italy
• Subj.- movement, motion
• Did not believe "war is a cleansing agent"
• Breakdown Structure of knowledge
• Destroy previos history=more pleasing to public rebuild agenda culture
•  No sense of death (positive)
• emphasized the dynamism, speed, energy, and power of the machine and the vitality, change, and restlessness of modern life in general
• most significant results of the movement were in the visual arts and poetry.

Severini, Armored Train in Action, 1915, Italy Futurism

• Spliting the world open
• Recreate and wipe out the past 
• Train moving with guns
• Nazi socialism
• Culture declining= recreate culture
•  incorporates an unusual aerial perspective in its depiction of a train filled with armed soldiers

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 Balla, Dynamism of a dog in a leash,1912, Italy, Futurism

• Want and need to show motion 
• Various stages of movement
• illustrates his principle of simultaneity
• conveys a sense of speed and urgency that puts his paintings in line with Futurism’s fascination with the energy of modern life

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 Boccioni, Unique Forms in the Continuity of Space, Italy, 1913, Futurism

• Airless space 
• Body completely disappearance
• No body= focus of motion
• expression of movement and fludity
•  human-like figure apparently in motion. The sculpture has an aerodynamic and fluid form

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Dada

• movement in visual art as well as literature (mainly poetry), theatre and graphic design
•  a protest against the barbarism of the War and what Dadaists believed was an oppressive intellectual rigidity in both art and everyday society
•  its works were characterized by a deliberate irrationality and the rejection of the prevailing standards of art
•  influenced later movements including Surrealism
• whole word is insane, mind set= everything is meaningless
• reject reason and logic because it just leads to war, mass destruction
•  anti-tradition

 Arp, Collage Arranged according to the Laws of chance 1916-1917, German- French, Futurism

• Collages put together each pieces is important manifestos- serves of sentences
• existing notions of art and experimented with spontaneous and seemingly irrational methods of artistic creation
•  embraced the notion of chance as a way of relinquishing control—a kind of depersonalization of the creative process that would influence many subsequent generations of artists

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Schwitters, Merzbild 5b, (Red Heart Church), German 1919, Futurism

• Inspired by cubic collage
• Arbitrary of language
• credits diff. words
• Trash for materials
• Recycled and repaired objects
• Premised on the practice of assemblage—the union of sundry quotidian items with formal artistic elements—
•  “freedom from all fetters,” cultural, political, or social

 Schwitters, Merz 19, German, 1920, Futurism

• Painters, scupltor, designer and writer
• Waste materials picked up in streets
• Equal distribution of the individual materials
•  

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Hannah Hoch, Cut w/ the Kitchen Knife Dada through the Last Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany, German, 1919-1920, Futurism

• Photo collag-joke with everything taking seriously
• Joke over Politics
• fringe figure of the Berlin Dada movement
• actual inclusion is evident in her work and her influence but because of her romantic involvement with Raoul Hausmann many of its main figures considered her as more woman than artist

Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1950, French, Futurism

• Associated w/ Dada
• ready-made : Urinal upsidedown=fountain 
• Who determines what's an art?
• What is/ What is not an art?
• Notice the elements around us
• Art, Craft, Design
• Arbitrary decisions based on who does it

 Ducham, Nude Descending a Staircase No.2, 1912,  French, Futurism

• Making a joke futurism and cubism
• invloved in film making, painting, always reclining=adds motion

Marcel Duchamp, The Bride Stripped Bare by her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass), French, 1915-23, Futurism

• Lower half- signed
• Story of sexuality
• Bride registered and men down
• More robotic
• Like chocolate factory
• Men continously around chocolate machine

Marcel Duchamp L.H.O.O.Q, 1919, French, Futurism

• Repainted w/ moustach and beard
• "She got a nice ass" 
• playing w/ boundaries and expectations

Surrealism

Like Dada: Literary & art. Andre Breton- collaborative effort. Automatic thinking. Unconciousness= deal w/ unreal world. sublimation.

Salvador Dali, The Presence of memor, 1931, Spain, Surrealism

• Intrested in sex, fear,dream
• Dream escape
• Abstract biomorphic shape
• Doesn't make sense passage of time
• Memory
• Covered w/ ants=death

Salvador Dali, Birth of Liquid Desires, Spain, 1931-32, Surrealism

• Man poured from the sky
• his “paranoid-critical” approach to art, which consisted in conveying his deepest psychological conflicts to the viewer in the hopes of eliciting an empathetic response
•  embodied this theoretical approach in a fastidiously detailed painting style

Rene Magritte, The Preachery of Images, 1928-29, France, Surrealism

• Surrealist
• Word Play
• "This is not a pipe".
• Easily advertising
• What you see is not what you get