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Definition
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| Sun's distance to Jupiter |
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Definition
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~ 3,000,000 Km/s
or 1,080 X 10^6 Km/h |
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Term
| How long ago was the Big Bang? |
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Definition
| 13.5-14 billion years ago |
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Term
| Ancient civilizations used astronomy for: |
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Definition
-timekeeping
-tracking seasons
-calendar
-monitoring planets and stars
-predicting eclipses |
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Term
| Who thought up the first Geocentric idea? |
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Definition
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| Greek astronomers with geocentric idea |
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Definition
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Definition
the loops the planets make in there orbit around the sun.
-seemed to go forward and backwards |
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Circles around circles.
-explained retrograde motion |
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Definition
| proposed sun-centered model (heli-centric) |
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Definition
| thought perfect circles weren't the answer and devised a set of 3 laws |
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Definition
1. Law of orbits
2. Law of areas
3. Law of period |
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Definition
| The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci. |
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Definition
| A line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.[1] |
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| The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit. |
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Definition
used telescope and discovered:
-Jupiter's moons
-phases of Venus
-Saturn's rings
-Milky way |
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Definition
| Realized force that hold moon in orbit is gravity. |
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| Newton's law of Universal Gravity |
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Definition
| centrally acting force stops planets from continuing in straight lines |
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Definition
| Low earth orbit. requires 28,800 km/h |
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Definition
| Geo-stationary earth orbit. require 36,000 Km/h |
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Definition
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Term
| what way does earth rotate? |
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Definition
it rotates same direction of its orbit
(counter clock wise when viewed from north pole) |
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Term
| Mass of planets and sun % |
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Definition
Planets = ~0.15%
Sun = 99.85% |
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Term
| Is our universe expanding? |
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Definition
| Yes. all planets and stars are moving farther apart. |
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Term
| Sun's Distance to Kuiper Belt |
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Definition
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| Sun's distance to oort cloud |
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Definition
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| which way do all the planets orbit? |
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Definition
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| what planets have a different axis tilt? |
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Definition
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| Characteristics of terrestrial planets |
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Definition
rocky and small
no or few moons
no rings |
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Term
| characteristics of Jovian planets |
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Definition
Gaseous and big
rings
many moons |
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Term
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Definition
large body of small objects orbiting the sun. (past Neptune)
~ 30-50 AU from sun |
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Term
| 2 Hypothesis for formation of solar system |
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Definition
1. Gravitational collapse of nebula.
2. Close encounter of sun with another star |
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Term
| gravitational collapse hypothesis |
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Definition
| huge cloud of material is disturbed (supernova?) |
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Term
| formation with gravitational collapse |
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Definition
1. heating = protostar (dense materials collide)
2. Spinning = smoothing (making materials compact more)
3. flattening = protoplanetary disk (make chaotic motion into orderly movement) |
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Term
| what happens after protoplanetary disk cool? |
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Definition
condenses into planetesimals
-made of 98% helium and hydrogen |
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Term
| where is the frost line located? |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the frost line located? |
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Definition
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Definition
| process where small "seeds" grew into planets |
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Term
| small planetesimals and large planetesimals shapes |
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Definition
small = any kind of shape
large = spherical due to gravity |
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Term
| why can't terrestrial planets capture gas? |
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Definition
Their gravitation pull is too weak
or gas was blown away by solar winds |
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Term
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Definition
comet tails always point away from sun
and SOHO (solar and heliospheric observatory) |
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Term
| solar wind effects on planet formation? |
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Definition
| winds blow away gases in planetary nebula ending up with formation of planets. |
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Term
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Definition
take material from beyond frost line forming small accretion disk.
abundant supply of gases create larger planets |
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Term
| why are planets farther from the sun bigger? |
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Definition
| larger amounts of gas available past frost line opposed to small amount of metal and rock within frost line. |
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Term
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Definition
-rocky leftovers from planetesimals.
-concentrated in asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter |
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Term
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Definition
Icy leftover planetesimals
beyond orbit of Neptune |
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Term
| effects of impact and capture (asteroids comets) |
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Definition
comet shoemakers with Jupiter
-surface of the moon/mercury
-tilt axis of planets (Venus, Uranus)
-exchange of material
-creates satellites
-killed t-rex :( |
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Definition
may've been giant impact between earth and planetesimals
-Phobos and Deimos (captured asteroids?) |
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Term
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Definition
potassium decays to argon
relative amount of K^40 to Ar^40 dates rock. |
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| how old is the solar system (approx) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. energy for photosynthesis
2. green house effect keeping earth warm |
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Definition
Stellar nebula -> massive star -> red giant -> supernova ->neutron star/black hole
OR stellar nebula -> average star -> red giant -> planetary nebula -> white dwarf |
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Term
| what kind of star do we have? |
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Definition
| main sequence star 1-10 Rsun |
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Term
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Definition
process of spitting atomic nucleus.
power plants split big atoms like uranium to smaller ones |
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Term
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Definition
| process of combining fusing) small atoms into larger ones |
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Term
| how does sun get its energy? |
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Definition
| Increased temp at center of sun due to gravitation contraction triggered Nuclear fusion |
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Term
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Definition
| where fusion takes place (temp ~15 million K) |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy transported outward traveling though this region (temp ~10 million k) |
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Definition
| energy transported through convection (lava lamp) |
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Term
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Definition
if core temp drops, it contracts forcing it to heat up again
heating of core causes fusino rate to rise forcing core to expand and cool again |
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Term
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Definition
visible layer of sun.
radiation originates from here
(temp ~5800K) |
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Term
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Definition
type of elementary particles with very low mass.
produced during fusion reactions
very difficult to detect |
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Term
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Definition
Chromosphere is 200Km above photosphere
(temp ~5800-20,000 K) |
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Term
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Definition
| light rays above atmosphere (temp 1-2 million K) can reach 8-10 million K) |
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Term
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Definition
| cells on sun's surface. dark = cold spots. light = hot spots |
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Term
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Definition
Dark cooler features on sun (4000 K)
strong magnetic field |
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Definition
magnetic activity causes flares
send bursts of x rays and charged particles outwards |
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Term
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Definition
| burst of energy charged particles outwards (related to flares) |
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Term
| Flare and Coronal Mass Ejections effects on earth |
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Definition
bombard earth with high energy particles.
aurora borealis
knock out communications |
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Term
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Definition
50 year period (1650-1700)
-average temp dropped by 1-2 degrees
-result of sun spot number |
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Term
| how many planets reside in sun's orbital plane |
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Definition
| 7 planets lie within 3 degrees of sun's equator |
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Term
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Definition
Venus and Earth
Saturn and Jupiter
Neptune and Uranus |
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Term
| How do we measure planet masses? |
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Definition
using kepler and newton laws
-measure gravitational pull |
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Term
| how do we measure their density? |
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Definition
once mass and volume found we calculate
D = Mass/volume |
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Term
| which planet is the most dense? |
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Definition
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Term
| planets with magnetic field also have these 3 things |
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Definition
1. electrically conduction material within it
2. material is slowly circulating
3. has two internal layers composed of solid layer inside liquid one |
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Term
| internal structure of earth |
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Definition
1. core - high density
2. mantle - medium density rocky material
3. crust - low density rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| coolest most ridig layer of rock near planets surface |
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Term
| internal structure of Jovian planets |
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Definition
magnetic fields indicate electrically-conducting material circulating.
massive with low density |
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Term
| 3 methods planets gain internal heat |
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Definition
1. kinetic -movement
2. Gravitational - energy pulls material down impacting
3. radioactivity - releasing thermal energy |
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Term
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Definition
1. conduction -atoms vibrate slowly
2. convection - lava lamps
3. radiation - protons carry energy away from object |
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Term
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Definition
| all small bodies: asteroids, comets, moons, mercury, modern mars |
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Term
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Definition
volcanism
moving mantle pushes up molten material |
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Term
| solid convection causing no crustal break up |
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Definition
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Term
| Solid convection causing crustal break up |
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Definition
movement creates new material
earth is only terrestrial body with this
earthquakes and volcanoes |
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Term
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Definition
very dense
no atmosphere.
highlands and terrains.
orbits quickly |
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Term
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Definition
covered in thick CO2 clouds
Temp 480 C
thick atmosphere
volcanic features |
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Term
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Definition
surface temp 16 C
atmosphere
only place with life
liquid water |
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Term
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Definition
more dense than water
moonquakes
Maria (dark lowlands) highlands, craters |
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Term
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Definition
CO2 atmosphere like earth's
volcanoes and canyons
water and methane
moons Phobos and Deimos |
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Term
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Definition
giant red spot (cyclonic storm)
many moons
no solid surface. mostly H/He |
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Definition
rings (not solid orbiting like tiny moons)
dynamic atmosphere
many moons |
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Definition
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Definition
dynamic atmosphere (windiest)
ice and volcanic activity
8 moons |
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Definition
has moon
elongated orbit
comet like composition |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
rocky planetesimals that didn't accrete
Jupiter gravity messed with orbit and prevented accretion |
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Definition
| chunk of rock less than meter orbiting sun |
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Definition
| rock that falls to earth through atmo to surface |
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Definition
| bright tail left by meteorite |
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Term
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Definition
unchanged in composition since first formation -stony or carbon rich
-stony: made of rocks with shiny metal
-carbon: rock with dark carbon compounds + whiteish spheres |
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Term
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Definition
unchanged in composition since first formation -stony or carbon rich
-stony: made of rocks with shiny metal
-carbon: rock with dark carbon compounds + whiteish spheres |
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Term
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Definition
having experienced volcanism or differentialtion. Rocky or metal rich
-rocky:resemble volcanic rocks
-metal: made of iron. came from shattered asteroid |
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Term
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Definition
formed beyond frost line
core dirty snowball
have tails |
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Term
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Definition
coma - atmosphere that coes from comets heated nucleus
plasma tail - gas escaping from coma
dust tail - pushed by photons |
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Term
| what causes meteor showers? |
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Definition
| comets ejecting small particles that follow and come around earth orbit |
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Term
| consequence of large impact on earth |
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Definition
bass surge (like volcanic river of gas)
huge amounts of dust
vaporize water
hypercanes
global tsunamis
acid rain
crop failure
mass extinction |
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Term
| when was earth last impacted by comet/meteor |
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Definition
| 65 million years ago. (dinosaurs) |
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Term
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Definition
| ~10 km across in Chicxulub Mexico |
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Term
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Definition
systematic survey to observe and track object that might approach earth.
from 0-10 |
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