Term
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Definition
| A change in behavior or belief to be in agreement with others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conforming to an implied or explicit request in public while privately disagreeing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conforming to an explicit request. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conforming that also involves a change in belief. |
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Term
| Informational Social Influence |
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Definition
The influence of other people that leads us to conform because we see them as a source of information.
• occurs because we believe others’ interpretation of an ambiguous situation is more correct than ours
• increased by motivation to be accurate, when others are experts, when situation is ambiguous, when situation is a crisis
• Epidemic psychogenic illness, mass hysteria |
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Term
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Definition
| When our freedom is threatened we are motivated to restore it, often by doing the opposite. |
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Term
| Main Effect (Interaction) |
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Definition
| The level of an IV influences the DV (ex: dose of a drug; type of antismoking add) |
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Term
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Definition
| The effect that one IV has on the DV depends on the level of another IV. |
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Term
| Elaboration Likelihood Model (Heuristic-systematic model) |
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Definition
| An explanation of the two ways in which communications can cause attitude change |
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Term
| (Part of a theory) Central Route -- When does it occur? How long does it last? |
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Definition
| (1 part of Elaboration Likelihood Model) People elaborate on a persuasive communication, listening carefully and thinking about arguments. Occurs when people have both ability and motivation to listen carefully and think about arguments. Compelling arguments evoke enduring persuasion. |
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Term
| (Part of a theory) Peripheral Route -- When does it occur? How long does it last? |
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Definition
| The case whereby people do not elaborate on the arguments in the persuasive communication but instead are swayed by peripheral cues. Occurs when people are busy, distracted, or uninvolved. Persuasive Effects may be only temporary. |
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Term
| Yale Attitude Change Approach (4 Ways) |
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Definition
Who?: source of communication; credible and attractive (physical or similar) communicators are more persuasive.
What?: nature of communication; messages are more persuasive if they do not seem to be designed to persuade, presenting counter-arguments is effective, especially if you can counter the counter argument, fear-arousing images or messages that evoke/or paired with pleasant feelings.
How?: delivery of communication--1. primacy: information presented first is usually more persuasive; 2. recency: sometimes, information presented last can be more persuasive (message->time->message 2->response); 3. face-to-face work best.
To whom?: The nature of the audience-- involved/uninvolved; distracted audiences are often more persuaded, especially by peripheral cues; age: attitudes that are not well formed are more persuadable; need for cognition |
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Term
| Subliminal Messages (Evidence?) |
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Definition
Words or phrases that are not consciously perceived but may influence peoples, judgements, thoughts, attitudes, or behaviors.
No evidence of real world applications. Evidence of effects on attitude when pictures of words are presented subconsciously in carefully controlled settings: time and distance of presentation, lack of distraction, controlled focal point. |
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Term
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Definition
| Members interact and influence on another (for more than a brief moment); results in interdependence of shared identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| People engaged in common activities or sharing the same space but having minimal or no interdependence or shared identity. |
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Term
| Mere presence of others (Social Facilitation) [Two mediating mechanisms on other slides] |
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Definition
| People do better on easy tasks with others present but worse on hard tasks. Two mediating mechanisms on other slides. |
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Term
| (part of a theory) Evaluation Apprehension |
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Definition
| One of the mediating mechanisms of mere presence of others theory: The presence of others only leads to arousal if they can evaluate us; the fear of negative evaluation leads to arousal and creates stereotype threat. |
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Term
| (part of a theory) Distraction |
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Definition
| One of the mediating mechanisms of mere presence of others theory: Presence of others leads to social facilitation only when they distract from task and create attentional conflict. |
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Term
| Individual vs. Group Performance: Social Loafing |
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Definition
Individual vs. Group Performance: A group-produced reduction in individual output; people think they're putting the same amount of effort as they would alone.
Less likely to occur when: own performance can be evaluated, task is important to you, own effect is necessary for success, expectation of punishment for small performance, group is small, group is cohesive. |
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Term
| Deindividuation (Examples?/Effects?) |
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Definition
The loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people are in a crowd, leading to an increase in impulsive and deviant attacks.
Examples: more brutal attack; warriors who use face paint/other identity hiding techniques are more vicious.
Effects reflect characteristics of group norm; as personal identity and internal controls are submerged, social identity takes over. |
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Term
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Definition
| Members tend to fail to share unique information and instead focus on things they all already know. |
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Term
| Group Polarization: Two theories-- 1. Persuasive arguments theory; 2. Social Comparison theory |
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Definition
The exaggeration through group discussion of initial tendencies in group's thinking.
Two theories:
1. Exposure to new arguments leads to more confidence.
2. Distinguish self (slightly) in group by being even more extreme |
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Term
| Groupthink (3 Stages and Prevention on other slides) |
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Definition
Excessive tendency to seek agreement among group members; need for agreement takes priority over motivation to obtain accurate information/to make good decisions.
(3 Stages and Prevention on other slides) |
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Term
| (from a theory) Antecedents |
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Definition
Stage One of Groupthink:
- high cohesiveness
- group structure = homogenous members, isolation, directive leadership
- unsystematic procedures
- stressful situations |
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Term
| (from a theory): Symptoms |
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Definition
Stage Two of Groupthink:
- overestimation of group
- closed-mindedness
- increased pressure towards uniformity: mindguards. pressure on dissenters; self-censorship, illusion of unanimity |
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Term
| (from a theory) Consequences |
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Definition
Stage Three of Groupthink:
defective decision making: incomplete survey of alternatives/objectives;
- failure to examine risks,
- failure to reappraise initially rejected alternatives, poor information search,
- selective bias in processing info at hand; failure to work out contingency of plans
- high probability of bad decisions |
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Term
| (from a theory) Prevention |
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Definition
Prevention of Groupthink:
- avoid isolation, consult with outsiders, reduce conformity pressures;
- leaders should not take a stand early; keep an open mind;
- establish strong norm for critical review;
- assign devil's advocate
- second chance |
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Term
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Definition
| Hostile or negative attitude toward a distinguishable group of people based solely on their group membership. |
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Term
| Stereotype (When do problems arise?) |
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Definition
Belief about personal attributes of a group of people whereby most/all the people in that group are thought to possess those attributes; schema applied to social groups such as fraternity, gender, or race.
- problems arise when: over-generalized, inaccurate/exaggerated, inflexible to contrary info. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group because of his/her membership in that group. |
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Term
| How stereotypes survive: Attributions |
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Definition
Attributional biases can perpetuate stereotypes: actor/observer, effect/fundamental attribution error
- if expectations are violated, we are more likely to consider situational factors |
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Term
| How stereotypes survive: Subtyping |
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Definition
| Exception to your stereotype is put into "subtype" and therefore is no long representative of your group. |
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Term
| Realistic Conflict Theory (Key factors? How to reverse?) |
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Definition
Limited resources will lead to conflict among groups.
Key factors: limited resources, zero-sum competition (winner takes all), distinct out-group as competitor.
- Reverse by introducing common superordinate goal or common threat
[kids at the camp] |
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Term
| Social Identity Theory (two parts on other slides) |
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Definition
| Some amount of self-esteem is derived from our group identity; we want to have a positive view of the self so we want to view our groups positively. The "we" aspect of our self-concept. |
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Term
| (part of a theory) Ingroup Bias |
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Definition
Tendency to favor the group you are in.
- your group has better personalities, works harder/better, and you allocate more rewards to each other
(Part of social identity theory) |
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Term
| (part of a theory) Outgroup Homogeneity |
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Definition
Perception that outgroup members are more similar to one another than ingroup members are to one another.
(Part of Social Identity Theory) |
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Term
| Cognitive Misers (Two step process) |
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Definition
We automatically categorize people in the name of efficiency and are less likely to correct categorizations.
Two step process:
1. Automatic: bring up stereotypes.
2. Controlled: conscious processing that can refute or ignore automatically activated stereotype. |
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Term
| Implicit Attitude Test (IAT) |
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Definition
| Designed to measure implicit stereotype strength; people vary on extent that they have unconscious stereotype; little or no correlation with explicit attitudes |
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Term
| How to reduce_____ : Contact Hypothesis (factors?) |
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Definition
The hypothesis that stereotypes exist due to lack of contact between and knowledge of groups; increasing contact leads to a decrease stereotype and prejudice.
- factors that augment: equal, status, personal interaction, cooperative activities, social norms, equalities
- stop stereotypes from forming |
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Term
| Effects of stereotypes on group members |
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Definition
| Mere existence of stereotypes can be detrimental to target group member even when prejudice of discrimination is absent. |
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Term
| Steinberg's Triangular Theory of Love (three components) |
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Definition
The components of love:
1. Intimacy: feelings of warmth and comfort (emotional component)
2. Passion: physical arousal and desire (motivational component)
3. Commitment: desire to stay in the relationship and work to maintain it (cognitive component) |
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Term
| Consumate Love (Components) |
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Definition
| Type of Love: Three components come together: Intimacy, Passion, Commitment |
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Term
| Companionate Love (Components) |
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Definition
| Type of Love: Deep affectionate attachment -- High Intimacy and Commitment, low Passion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of Love: State of intense longing for union with another. High intimacy and passion, low commitment. Ecstasy when loved in return; despair when not loved in return. |
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Term
| Fatuous Love (Components) |
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Definition
| Type of Love: High passion and commitment, low intimacy. |
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Term
| Two-Factor Theory of Emotion |
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Definition
Theory that being aroused by any source should inisify passionate feelings--provided that the mind is free to attribute some of the arousal to a romantic stimulus.
- Arousal x Label = Emotion
[Bridge walk experiment: guys who were scared were more attracted to the woman than guys who were not] |
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Term
| Misattribution/Excitation Transfer |
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Definition
Strong link between passion and arousal/excitement
- most any type of arousal works (including fear or simply running in place); negative or positive
- stronger effects when we are unaware of reason for arousal |
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Term
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Definition
A condition in which the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it. Note: Outcomes needn't always be equal.
- Healthy for relationships |
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Term
| Self-disclosure and Disclosure Reciprocity |
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Definition
(Two terms)
1. Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.
2. The tendency for one person's intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner.
Good for relationships |
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Term
| Attachment Theory -- 3 Normative Functions |
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Definition
Theory that early experiences with primary caregiver influence orientations to close relationships in adulthood.
- 3 normative functions of attachment:
1. Proximity seeking
2. Safe haven
3. Secure base |
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Term
| Three Types of Infant Attachment |
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Definition
1. Secure: comfortable with relying on others
2. Avoidant: dislikes dependence
3. Anxious/Ambivalent: worries, seeks reassurance
- Same proportion of styles in adults as in infants. |
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Term
| Four Category Attachment System |
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Definition
| 4 Categories based on underlying dimensions: 1. Model of Self: am I worthy of being loved and cared for? = Abandonment Anxiety [AA]. - High= more jealousy, more conflict, less trust, "I worry a lot about my relationships", "I often wish that my partner's feelings for me were as strong as my for him/her" 2 .Model of Other: Are others worthy of my trust? = Comfort with Closeness [CC] - Low=Seek less support from partners when stressed, "I feel comfortable sharing my private thoughts and feelings with my partners", "just when my partner starts to get close to me I find myself pulling away (reversed) Categories: 1. Secure: Comfortable with intimacy/interdependence = low AA, high CC 2. Avoident/fearful: fearful of rejection and mistrusful of others = High AA, low CC 3. Anxious/ambivalent (preccupied): uneasy/vigilant to any threat in a relationship - High AA, high CC 4. Avoidant/Dismissing: self reliant/uninterested in intimacy = Low AA, low CC |
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Term
| Informational Social Influence |
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Definition
| The influence of other people that leads us to conform because we see them as a source of information |
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