Nisbett and Wilson (1977)

Noisy Movie

Watch movie- 1group noise; one no noise

Rate how much enjoyed movie

Experimental group asked how much noise affected their rating

Both groups gave same ratings

Experimental group said noise significantly affected their ratings.

Meaning: Sometimes give to much credit to external influences.

Nisbett and Wilson (1977)

Pantyhose

Had people evaluate the quality of a number of pantyhose.

When people chose ones they prefered the one futheres right was 4x chosen more than the others.

Panty hoes all the same.

Participants refused to believe they chose pantyhose based on posistion, so they made up own plausibe explanations.

Meaning: Sometimes don't give enough credit to external factors. credit our behavior with reasons that seem plausible and believe that they're true even whit they may not be.

Schachter and Singer (1962)

two-factor theory of emotion

Gave part. shot of epinephrine.

1 group told of its effects the other not.

Had them fill out survey with person that was confederate.

Questionaire had insulting questions.

Confederate became very angry.

Those that knew drugs effect attributed their emotions to drug; those that didn't attributed emotions to the survey.

Meaning: our emotions are rather arbitary and that we search out the most plausible explanations for them.

Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)

Boring Task

Had part. turn pegs for an hour.

Then told them next participant had arrived and would they be willing to tell them the experiment was fun.

Offered one group $1 and the other $20.

Then asked how much they enjoyed study.

Ones offered $20 said they regretted doing it; those offered $1 said they enjoyed it.

Meaning: Induced Compliance is when one states an opinion or attitude that runs counter to one's private belief or attitude. Had to change opinion to decrease dissoance.

Aronson and Mills (1952)

Group initiation

Had part. for group discussion on sex.

3 groups- severe screaning, mild, and no screaning at all.

Made discussion very boring and wouldn't let part. talk.

Mild and no secreaning groups regreted participating.

Severe said they enjoyed it and got something out of it.

Meaning: Effort justification is when one increases their liking for something they have worked hard to attain.  Increased liking for discussion b/c felt unconforable with themselves for going through horible process to join something boring.

Freedman (1965)

Forbidden Toy

Had children in room full of toys.

Had children rate which was their fav. toy (robey robbot)

Told children they couldn't play with robbot.

Severe threat told if they did then all other toys would by taken away.

Mild threat told it they did then they would annoy the experimenter.

Neither group played with robbot, then asked to rerate.

Severe threat still said Robey; mild did not.

Meaning: Insufficient determinant is when dissonance is aroused when individual lacks suffiecient justification for having resisted a desired activity or object.  Mild had to justify why they didn't play with Robey.

Pratkanis and Aronson (1992)

"Maintaining and Creating a Cult"

1. Create own social reality (remove all threats)

2. Establish ingroup of followers and outgroup of unredeemed

3. Gennerate commitment through dissonance reduction (effort justification)

4. Establish cult leaders credibility and attractiveness

5. Send members out to convert unredeamed

6. Distract members from thinkin undersirable thoughts (never alone and constant ritual)

7. Fix members on phantom promised land

Petty, Capioppo, and Goldman (1981)

College speech and route processing

College students asked to listen to speech that argued give an exit exam.

Half part told school seriously thinking about it; Other half told thinking about it but wouldn't happen for 10 yrs.

Half heard strong argument; other half heard weak.

Half speaker was professor; half speaker highschool student.

Personal relevance main factor: High personal relevance persuaded my argument not speaker; Low persuaded by speaker.

Cialdini

"Weapons of Influence"

3 Components shared

1. Mechanical processes can be activated (click, whirr)

2. Can be exploited by others that are aware of these weapons

3. prosess is very subtle

Fishbein and Ajzen (1980)

Theory of Reasoned Action

Know persons attitude toward object

Know subjective norms (others' attitudes about object)

Know whether person has the ability.

Predict behavior.

Observe Behavior.

Asch (1951)

Line Judgement

About 7 participants; all confederates except one person.

Shown 1 card with a line on it; shown another card with 3 lines on it.

Asked to estimate line on 3 line card that's closest to 1 line card.

First few rounds everybody answers correctly

Very easy; too boring

Then confederates start to give wrong answers

33% conformed during time experiment took place; 76% conformed at least once; 24% didn't conform at all.

Meaning: Normative Social Influence. Part knew they were wrong but didn't want to look like a fool.

Milgram (1963/1965)

Obediance/Shock Study

2 part- 1 confederate

NC read words to C; C was to repeat words back correctly

If wrong received shocks in 15 volts increments (15v to 450v)

After awhile C begin to complain; when NC looked toward experimenter for help he was told to go on.

65% administer the 450v shock.

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

Adaptation Level Phenomenon

Relative Deprivation

Tesser (1988)

Self-evaluation maintenance theory

Premises: act in way that max. self-evaluation; self-eval is partly dependent upon interactions with others.

Processes: reflection increases self-esteem by having close associations w/ others; comparison is comparing w/ high performing other may decrease self-esteem

Variable: Performance- how someone does and how it compares to you; closeness- relationship b/w you and other; relevance- how important behavior is in regard to you self-concept.

Consistency Rule

Scarcity Rule

Authority Rule

Freedman and Fraser (1966)

Safe driving billboard

Went door to door in a neighborhood and asked if they would be willing to sigh a petition for safe driving; most did. 

Then asked if they would be willing to put a safe driving sticker in their window; most did

Finally asked if they would put a big, ugly billboard promoting safe driving in their yard; most did.

Pennebaker (1979)

Singles Bar

Went to singles bar and asked people to rate attractiveness.

Continued to ask to do this for 3 hrs, 2hrs, and 1 hr before closing time.

Found the less time till closing time the more attractive people were rated

Meaning: Because time and amount of possible partners were becoming scarce so they lowered their standards.

Sheirf (1936)

Autokinetic Study

Had part look at light in a blackouted room from a distance.

Then had them estimate how much light would move.

Usually had a rythm 4in to 2in to 4in to 2in and so on.

Light really never moved.