Term
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Definition
0=Openness to experience(willingness to adjust to new ideas and situations)
C=Conscientitiousness(self-discipline to accomplish set goals)
E=Extraversion-introversion(outgoing, sociable, impulsive, optimistic)
A=Agreeableness(compatibility with others)
N=Neuroticism(tense, anxious, moody, excitable, worried, indecisive) |
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Term
| Type A and B behavior patterns and exercise |
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Definition
Type A:(aggressive, rigid, impatient, hostile)
Increase in Risk of cardiovascular disease,Effort, intensity,physiological activation,stress response, negative affective responses.
Decrease in Adhrence rates, RPE.
Type B:(easy going, relaxed, creative)
Increase in RPE, Adherence rates
Decrease in Risk of CVD,Effort, intensity, physiological activation, stress response, and negative affective responses. |
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Term
| Shavelson model of Self- Concept |
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Definition
Model suggesting that general self-concept is constructed in many different categories.
•Primary Categories:
–Academic Self Concept(Intellectual): primary learning domains such as English, history, math, science
–Nonacademic (Nonintellectual):
•Physical Self Concept: physical abilities and physical appearance •Social Self concept: positive interaction with others
•Emotional Self concept: cognitive or emotional states
•Global self-esteem change based on size of change, importance, & proximity |
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Term
| Sonstrem and Morgan Model |
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Definition
•Constructed to find the predictions of global self-esteem
•The process of altering self-esteem is initiated with physical measures located at the base of the model.
•Indicates global esteem is driven by the extent to which the person is accepting of who he is physically
•Only the subjective perception of success is relevant to feelings of self-esteem
Increase in (Physical Competence, physical appearance, which in turn increases physical self-efficacy) |
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Term
| Three proposed mechanisms proving that exercise might improve body image. |
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Definition
-Improved physical fitness
-Increased awareness of physical capabilities
-Increased self-efficacy |
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Term
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Definition
| Intense fear and discomfort and mental symptoms including sweating, trembling and shortness of breath. |
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Term
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Definition
| Complete avoidance of certain situations(crowded areas, alone outside of home) |
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Term
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Definition
| Persistent anxiety in social situations |
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Term
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Definition
| Obsessions such as recurrent thoughts or images that are perceived as inappropriate or forbidden, elicit anxiety. |
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Term
| Generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| Worry lasting more than six months, along with multiple symptoms (muscle tension, poor concentration, insomnia) |
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Term
| Major depressive disorder |
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Definition
| Depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure are primary symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| One or more episodes of mania or mixed episodes of mania and depression. Having mixed feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic form of depression. Duration is two years in adults, one year in children |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively mild form of bipolar disorder |
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Term
| DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorders |
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Definition
-Depressed most of the day
-Diminished interest/pleasure in all or most activities
-Weight loss
-Insomnia or hypersomnia
-Psychomotor agitation or retardation
-fatigue or loss of energy
-feeling of worthlessness
-inability to think/concentrate
-recurrent thoughts of suicide or death |
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Term
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Definition
–Ectomorph: tense, introverted, inhibited(skinny)
–Endomorph: affectionate, sociable, relaxed(fat)
–Mesomorph: adventurous, dominant,
aggressive, risk-taking(athlete) |
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Term
| Body reality vs body ideal |
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Definition
•Body Reality
–Current physical characteristics: ht/wt, fat/lean mass, bone structure, fitness, strength
–Changes over time based on maturation & aging'
•Body Ideal
–How we think our body should look & function –Can be positive or negative |
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Term
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Definition
State: transient emotional state of anxiety;assesses anxiety ‘at this moment’
Trait: a general disposition to anxiety;assesses anxiety ‘generally or on average’ |
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Term
| Body image dissatisfaction |
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Definition
• Males
–Generally due to desire for more muscle
–Discrepancy between body reality, body ideal, and healthy weights are typically modest
• Females
–Generally due to desire for less fat
–Discrepancy between body reality, body ideal, and healthy weights are often severe |
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Term
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Definition
• Definition: preoccupation with muscularity
• Other names: megarexia or reverse anorexia nervosa
• Facilitates risky dietary practices and increased
likelihood of using steroids
• Primarily a male concern but also relevant for females |
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Term
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Definition
• Perceptual:
–How we imagine ourselves to look(imagination)
• Cognitive:
–How we think about or evaluate our body in terms of its appearance and function
• Affective:
–Feelings experienced in relation to our body’s appearance and function(emotional)
• Behavioral:
–What we do to reflect our positive or negative perceptions, thoughts, and feelings(how we conduct ourselves) |
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Term
| Body satisfaction in culture and media influence |
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Definition
• Media influence
–Displaces personal ideals with media body ideals
–Promotes strict & narrow image of an ideal body
• Cultural influences
–May or may not reflect media portrayals
–People who are part of demographic groups that reject/ignore media have healthier body images |
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Term
| Importance of motivation for exercise around issues of body image and self-esteem |
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Definition
–Motivations for health/fitness are ‘healthy’
–Motivations for physique are ‘questionable’
–Body image is a powerful motivator for initiating exercise but motive shifts over time are desirable. For a fitness professional:
•Exercise programs should focus on improving physical function, strength, and endurance rather than on changing physical appearance.
•Enjoyable exercise is more likely to be healthy for body image |
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Term
| Circumplex model of Affect |
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Definition
Model describing affect along the perimeter of a circle defined by two dimensions:
–Valence: pleasure/displeasure
–Activation: level of arousal
•Four quadrants
–Pleasant-Activated: enthusiasm, energy –Pleasant-Unactivated: relaxation, calmness
–Unpleasant-Unactivated: bored, fatigue
–Unpleasant-Activated: tension, distress |
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Term
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Definition
Conceptual framework for the relationship between exercise intensity & affect
•Domains of intensity:
–Moderate: below AT
–Heavy: around/slightly above AT
–Severe: well above AT
•Model suggests affective response is the result of interplay between physiological signals and psychological processes. |
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Term
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Definition
-Moderate exercise tends to increase energy & mood
-PA reduces the risk of future depression
-PA improves diagnosed and nonclinical depression
-Acute exercise benefits state anxiety -Chronic exercise benefits trait anxiety
-Enjoyable exercise is more likely to be healthy for body image
-Research shows that PA improves esteem -Benefits come with training, not single sessions |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological structures and processes that organize human experience and shape actions and reactions to the environment. Determine who you are |
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Term
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Definition
–Personality Core: not particularly changeable
–Typical Responses: predictable behaviors
–Role-Related: variable; impacted by environment |
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Term
| Constitutional theory of personality |
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Definition
| Body types relate to behavioral patterns. (Somatypes of body's)(Ectomorph, endomorph, mesomorph) |
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Term
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Definition
| the enduring, highly consistent internal attributes of individuals. Traits are what make up your personality |
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Term
| Types of sex role orientations |
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Definition
–Instrumental: risk-taking, independent, aggressive, competitive; associated with masculinity
–Expressive: understanding, sympathy, affection, compassion; associated with femininity
–Androgynous: possesses high levels of M and F |
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Term
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Definition
• A stress buffering personality type
–Believed to protect against negative effects of stress and serve as a buffer against illness
• Characteristics of Hardy Individuals
–Engage in more healthful behaviors
–Exhibit greater: sense of control over events, commitment, dedication, & involvement in everyday life
–Perceive life events as challenges and opportunities rather than as stressors |
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Term
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Definition
Middle English: sense of worth, reputation
Old French: ‘estimer’ or ‘estimate’ Latin: to ‘appraise’ |
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Term
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Definition
–The way in which we see or define ourselves
–Who I am: teacher, parent, mature, loyal, extraverted, hardworking |
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Term
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Definition
–Evaluative or affective consequence (+ or -) of one’s self-concept
–How I feel about who I am |
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Term
| Treatment of low self-esteem |
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Definition
•Psychotherapy
–CBT, Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)
•Pharmacotherapy
–Especially when coupled with depression
•Recreational Therapy
•Physical Activity |
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Term
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Definition
Definitions:
Subjective concept of one’s physical appearance based on self-observation and reaction of others
Multidimensional construct that reflects how we see, think about, feel about, and act towards our
body |
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Term
| Treatment to body image disturbance |
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Definition
•Cognitive Behavior Therapy •Pharmacotherapy
•Movement Therapy
–Dance, exercise, etc.
•Education
•Diet (when comorbid with eating disorders) |
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Term
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Definition
•Prominent consequence of stress linked to fear and desire to escape or avoid pain and danger
•Results from threats perceived to be unavoidable or uncontrollable
•Associated with inappropriate and disproportionate levels of worry and nervousness
•Often occurs in absence of an actual threat
•Often persists after removal of threat |
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Term
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Definition
•Unpleasant feelings – uncertainty, overwhelmed
•Bodily symptoms – muscle tension, hyperactivity
•Changes in cognitions – irrational fear, obsessions, compulsions
•Changes in behavior - avoidance •Vigilance – on the lookout for danger |
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Term
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Definition
•Increasing prevalence in society due to increased number of stressors and more ready diagnosis
•More frequently diagnosed in females
•Likely the most prevalent mental disorder(excluding substance abuse)
•Total costs (direct and indirect) linked to treatment, disability, and productivity in the billions of dollar |
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Term
| Cognitive vs. Somatic anxiety |
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Definition
–Cognitive: worry or thought-related aspects of anxiety
–Somatic: physical and muscular aspects of anxiety |
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Term
| Normal vs. Clinical Anxiety |
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Definition
•Normal anxiety
–Mild-to-moderate symptoms from time to time that require no intervention
•Clinical anxiety
–Increased number & intensity of symptoms
–Greater suffering & dysfunction
–Occurrence without eliciting
event
•Clinical anxiety can generally be prevented with intervention at lower levels |
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Term
| Anxiety treatment options |
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Definition
•Traditional Methods
–Medication
–Counseling
•Alternative Methods
–Physical activity
–Mindfulness training
•Benefits of alternative methods include health/fitness improvements and reduced cost & stigma |
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Term
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Definition
•Psychological:
–Self-report inventories: STAI, POMS-Tension, etc.
•Physiological:
–Cardiovascular (HR, BP)
–Electromyography
–Electroencephalography
–Blood pressure and heart rate
–Skin responses |
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Term
|
Definition
•Word grew out of Latin: ‘depressio’ which means ‘a pressing down’
•Early descriptions of depression characterized mood state as ‘melancholia’
•Defined as a state of low mood and aversion to activity that impacts thoughts, behavior, feelings, and sense of well-being
•Primary feature of clinical syndromes but can also be a normal response to life events |
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Term
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Definition
•Prevalance: 15+ lifetime rate; 5-10% rate for last 12 months; about twice as high in women; lower in African-Americans
•Impact: costs is likely more than $40 billion
•Only 30% of sufferers seek help and only half of those receive adequate treatment
•Mood disorders rank within the top 10 causes of disability worldwide.
•Important linkages to suicide |
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Term
| Nonclinical vs. Clinical Depression |
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Definition
• Nonclinical Depression –Relatively mild and transient symptoms that do
not impact normal function
• Clinical Depression
–Generally linked to increased number, severity, & persistence of symptoms
–Determined based on DSM criteria
•Nonclinical status is present when symptoms are present but below clinical and also warrants health promotion efforts |
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Term
| Treatment Strategies for depression |
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Definition
• Pharmacotherapy
–Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
–Tricyclic Antidepressants
• Psychotherapy
–Psychodynamic
–Cognitive Behavior
• Physical Activity
–Occupational
–Sport
–Exercise |
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Term
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Definition
Old English: ‘mod’ in the senses of mind & soul
A state or quality of feeling at a particular time
A temporary state of mind or disposition A distinctive emotional quality or character
Prevailing emotional tone or general attitude |
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Term
| Affect vs. Mood vs. Emotion |
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Definition
–Emotion: short-lived, intense, thoughtful
–Mood: lingering, low intensity, thoughtful
–Affect: underlying, low intensity, reflexive |
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Term
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Definition
• Formal Treatment
–Not required or recommended
–Appropriate only with a related clinical diagnosis, likely depression
• Informal Treatment
–Physical activity –Social activities
–Recreational activities |
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Term
| Popular Notions About Intensity |
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Definition
•Many promote vigorous exercise without much consideration of affective responses
–Bob Greene: “exercise at the highest safe intensity”because “left to our own devices
we select exercise that is too easy”
–Posters: “go hard or go home” |
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Term
| Dynamics of Mood Responses |
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Definition
•When should affect be measured?
–During, before, or after exercise •Affect experienced during an exercise bout may be distinct from the affective change reported before and after exercise
–Below AT: positive during & positive after
–Above AT: neutral/negative during & positive after
•Implications for exercise prescription
–Post-exercise positive feelings might not be sufficient to override negative feelings during |
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Term
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Definition
•Intervals completed at near maximal intensity seem to provide a potent physiological benefit without significant compromise in affect (and perhaps adherence)
•Interval Intensity: 80-90%
•Interval Length: less than 2 minutes •Work-Rest Ratio: approximately 1:1 |
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Term
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Definition
-Form of exercise that originates from Chinese culture.
-Performed as a series of fluid movements that incorporate elements of balance, postural alignment and concentration.
- Physical benefits include improvements in balance and strength, cardiovascular and respiratory function, immune system functioning, flexibility, and psychological benefits. |
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Term
| Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) |
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Definition
Intervention shown to improve body image.
- Consist of strategies such as relaxation training, cognitive restructuring, stress management, and desensitization procedures that individuals use to improve their thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and behaviors toward their bodies. |
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Term
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Definition
-Most frequent diagnosed form of cancer among women
-One in nine women develop it over the course of her lifetime.
-Women who have had breast cancer may feel better about their bodies by taking up a regular program of physical activity. |
|
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Term
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) |
|
Definition
-Fourth leading cause of death among adults in the US
-COPD refers to a number of lung conditions characterized by airflow limitation and shortness of breath.
-Rates of anxiety are much higher in COPD patients then the general population
-Exercise has a positive effect on COPD |
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