Term
| what did A.V. Hill study? |
|
Definition
| heat production during muscle contraction and recovery |
|
|
Term
| what did Otto Meyerhof study? |
|
Definition
| the relationship of O2 consumption and lactic acid in muscle |
|
|
Term
| what did August Krogh study? |
|
Definition
| function of the capillary circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first director of the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory |
|
|
Term
| what are the three components of a biological control system? |
|
Definition
sensor
control center
receptor |
|
|
Term
| what is negative feedback? |
|
Definition
| response reverses the initial disturbance in homeostasis |
|
|
Term
an increase in extracellular CO2 triggers chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies-> a signal is sent to the medulla-> medulla triggers the respiratory muscles to increase breathing-> CO2 concentration returns to normal.
this is an example of positive or negative feedback? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
eating-> increase in blood glucose-> pancreas releases insulin-> increase cellular uptake of glucose-> decrease blood glucose concentration
this is an example of positive or negative feedback? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is positive feedback? |
|
Definition
| response goes in the same direction as the disturbance in homeostasis |
|
|
Term
during child birth,
the head of the baby pushes on the cervix-> nerve impulses from the cervix to the brain-> brain stimulates the hypothalamus-> the hypothalamus stimulates the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin-> oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions
this is an example of positive or negative feedback? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main result of anabolic reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main result of catabolic reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an endergonic reaction? |
|
Definition
| a reaction that requires energy to be added to the reactant |
|
|
Term
| what is an exergonic reaction? |
|
Definition
| a reaction that releases energy |
|
|
Term
| what is a coupled reaction? |
|
Definition
| release of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction |
|
|
Term
| what does oxidation mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does reduction mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an oxidizing agent? |
|
Definition
| the molecule that gives the electron |
|
|
Term
| what is a reducing agent? |
|
Definition
| the molecule that gains the electron |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of a coenzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the factors that can alter enzyme activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the some non steroid hormones? |
|
Definition
insulin
glucagon
all pituitary hormones
all hypothalamic hormones
thyroid hormones
catecholamines |
|
|
Term
| what are the steroid hormones? |
|
Definition
cortisol
estrogen
testosterone |
|
|
Term
| outline the ATP-PCr System. |
|
Definition
power exercise lasting 0-10 or 14 seconds
weight lifting
does not involve O2
ATP and PCr are energy sources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
speed exercises lasting 10 or 14 to 60 seconds
100m run
glucose and glycogen are energy sources |
|
|
Term
| outline Oxidative Phosphorylation. |
|
Definition
endurance exercise lasting greater than 2 minutes
1500m run
glucose, glycogen, fatty acids, and amino acids are energy sources |
|
|
Term
| a marathon runner would use which energy system predominantly? |
|
Definition
| oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| a olympic weight lifter would use which energy system primarily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a 100m sprinter would used which energy system primarily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a product of fast glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the benefits of the ATP-PCr System? |
|
Definition
represents the most rapidly available source of ATP
does not depend on long series of chemical reactions
stores can be enhanced |
|
|
Term
| what type of muscle fibers use fast glycolysis? |
|
Definition
type 2a
type 2x
fast twitch muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| what are the two phases of fast glycolysis? |
|
Definition
energy investment
energy generation |
|
|
Term
| what is the ATP outcome of fast glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what enzyme is needed to convert pyruvate to lactic acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what molecule is needed to convert pyruvate to lactic acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the fate of lactate? |
|
Definition
70% oxidized by other tissues
20% gluconeogensis by the Cori Cycle
10% converted to amino acids |
|
|
Term
| in terms of lactic acid what is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic systems? |
|
Definition
| aerobic systems have less pyruvate which means less lactic acid |
|
|
Term
| how many carbons does acetyl-CoA, oxaloacetate, and citrate have? |
|
Definition
acetyl-CoA = 2 carbons
oxaloacetate = 4 carbons
citrate = 6 carbons |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary function of the Krebs Cycle? |
|
Definition
| complete the oxidation of CHO, fat, and protein |
|
|
Term
| T/F oxygen participates in the Krebs Cycle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the role of oxygen in Oxidative Phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
| the final electron acceptor |
|
|
Term
| what are the byproducts of the krebs cycle? formation of acetyl-CoA? |
|
Definition
Krebs cycle = 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP, 2 CO2
acteyl-CoA formation = 1 NADH, 1 CO2 |
|
|
Term
| in order to use fat as energy what can it be converted to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in order to use protein as energy what can it be converted to? |
|
Definition
glucose
pyruvic acid
acetyl-CoA
citrate |
|
|
Term
| what is the major functions of the hydrogen pump? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the electron do in the ETC? |
|
Definition
force hydrogen to go out
phosphorylate ADP |
|
|
Term
| 1 molecule of glucose through Oxidative Phosphorylation yields how much ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are fatty acids converted to acetyl-CoA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the rate limiting enzymes? |
|
Definition
creatine kinase
phosphofructokinase
isocitrate dehydrogenase
cytochrome oxidase |
|
|
Term
| how do we measure exercise energy metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the criteria for a VO2 max test? |
|
Definition
the plateau of oxygen consumption
the attainment of RER of 1 or 1.15 or higher
the attainment of APMHR
the exhaustion of the participant
blood lactate or 0.8mM/L |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lag in oxygen consumption at the onset of exercise
the difference between the total oxygen actually consumed during exercise and the total oxygen required in steady-state from the start of exercise |
|
|
Term
| what does oxygen deficit cause a delay of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does EPOC stand for? |
|
Definition
| Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| after exercise, oxygen consumption does not return to resting levels immediately |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for EPOC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is happening during the rapid curve component of EPOC? |
|
Definition
steep decline in oxygen consumption
replenish ATP, PC, and oxygen stores |
|
|
Term
| what is happening during the slow curve component of EPOC? |
|
Definition
slow decline in oxygen consumption
elevated HR and breathing
elevated body temperature
elevated E and NE
conversion of lactic acid to glucose (gluconeogensis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| after higher intensity exercise |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the slow curve component of EPOC? why? |
|
Definition
Lactic Acid Phase
because lactic acid is being converted to glucose |
|
|
Term
| T/F there is an upward drift in oxygen uptake during prolonged exercise. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the explanations of the lactate threshold? |
|
Definition
hypoxia
accelerated glycolysis
recruitment of fast-twitch muscle fibers
reduced rate of lactate removal |
|
|
Term
| what factors affect lactate appearance? |
|
Definition
production and release
recruitment of fast twitch muscle fibers
LDH isoform
increase E |
|
|
Term
| what factors affect lactate disappearance? |
|
Definition
rate of uptake into non-working muscles
oxidation by muscles and liver
blood flow |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary energy fuel during low intensity exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the primary energy fuel during high intensity exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three factors that stimulate endocrine gland activity? |
|
Definition
hormonal factor
humoral factor
neural factor |
|
|
Term
| T/F non-steroid hormones can pass through the membranes easily |
|
Definition
false
bind to receptors of the outside of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in receptor number or affinity in response to low concentration of hormone in a target tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease in receptor number or affinity in response to high concentration of hormone in a target tissue |
|
|
Term
| what two hormones are made by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| help the body to conserve fluids/ water |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of oxytocin? |
|
Definition
| facilitates ejection of milk from the breast |
|
|
Term
| what hormones are released from the hypothalamus to stimulate the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
prolactin releasing hormone
prolactin inhibiting hormone
thyrotropin releasing hormone
corticotropin releasing hormone
growth hormone releasing hormone
growth hormone inhibiting hormone
gonadotropin releasing hormone |
|
|
Term
| what hormones are released by the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
prolactin
thyroid-stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotrophic hormone(ATCH)
growth hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of growth? |
|
Definition
hyperplasia = increase in numbers
production of extracellular matrix = neurons swell
hypertrophy = cells enlarge |
|
|
Term
| what are the actions of growth hormone? |
|
Definition
anabolic=increase muscle mass, by increasing protein synthesis
catabolic=increase gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| what are the affect of GH and exercise? |
|
Definition
increase protein synthesis
increase muscle mass |
|
|
Term
| what are the actions of T3 and T4? |
|
Definition
increase metabolic rate
increase oxygen consumption
increase heat production
increase protein and lipid synthesis
increase of catecholamines
necessary for normal GH function
necessary for CNS development |
|
|
Term
| what is the effect of T3 and T4 on exercise? |
|
Definition
| studies show a major increase in heat in colder environments |
|
|
Term
| what hormones are released from the adrenal medulla? |
|
Definition
epinephrine
norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| what hormones are released from the adrenal cortex? |
|
Definition
aldosterone
cortisol
sex steroid hormones |
|
|
Term
| the parasympathetic and sympathetic responses of the heart use which type of receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the parasympathetic and sympathetic responses of the arterioles and veins use which type of receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the parasympathetic and sympathetic responses of the lungs use which type of receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the parasympathetic and sympathetic responses of the digestive tract use which type of receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the major roles of epinephrine? |
|
Definition
increase rate and force of heart contraction
increase constriction of arterioles
increase glycogen breakdown
increase lipolysis |
|
|
Term
| what are the two major functions of aldosterone? |
|
Definition
increase K+ excretion
increase Na+ and water reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| what are the two major regulators of aldosterone? |
|
Definition
high K+ levels
blood levels of angiotensinogen |
|
|
Term
| when will aldosterone levels increase during exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the major actions of cortisol? |
|
Definition
increase metabolic rate (CHO, fats, proteins)
suppress immune response
decrease insulin sensitivity
decrease bone formation
enhance vascular response to E
reduce inflammaiton |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of insulin? |
|
Definition
increase glycogenesis
protein synthesis in muscles
lipogenesis
decrease blood levels of food |
|
|
Term
| what are the roles of glucagon? |
|
Definition
glycogenolysis
proteolysis
lipolysis
increase blood levels of food |
|
|
Term
| explain insulin and glucagon during exercise |
|
Definition
increase in glucagon because you want to breakdown fuels to produce ATP
insulin levels will decrease |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of FSH? |
|
Definition
initiates follicle growth in the ovaries
germinal growth in the testes
stimulate the secretion of estrogen
promote sperm development |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of LH? |
|
Definition
causes the rupture of the follicle
stimulates the secretion of estrogen
stimulates the secretion of testosterone |
|
|
Term
| what are the roles of testosterone? |
|
Definition
muscle tissue synthesis
promotes GH release |
|
|
Term
| during exercise NE, E GH, cortisol and glucagon increase? |
|
Definition
| theory the elevation of these hormones favor mobilization of FFA that could spare utilization of CHO |
|
|
Term
| what are the two subdivisions of the PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between afferent and efferent? |
|
Definition
afferent=transmit impulses to the CNS
efferent=transmit impulses from the CNS to the effector |
|
|
Term
| what is the neurotransmitter post ganglionic neuron of the sympathetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the neurotransmitter of the post ganglionic neuron of the parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is resting membrane potential? |
|
Definition
the potential difference that exists across membrane of excitable tissue such as nerve and muscle
-70mV |
|
|
Term
| where is K+ concentration highest, inside or outside the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is Na+ concentration highest, inside or outside the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what four major ions regulate resting membrane potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what happens during depolarization of a nerve cell?
Na+ gates opened or closed?
K+ gates opened or closed? |
|
Definition
the Na+ gates open and Na+ diffuses into the cell.
K+ channels are closed |
|
|
Term
what happen during depolarization of a nerve cell?
Na+ gates opened or closed?
K+ gates opened or closed? |
|
Definition
the K+ gates are open and K+ leaves the cell rapidly
Na+ gates are closed |
|
|
Term
| what is the all or none law? |
|
Definition
| once the nerve impulse is initiated, it will travel the length of the neuron without a decrease in voltage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron |
|
|
Term
| what is the action of calcium after the muscle is depolarized? |
|
Definition
| Ca released from the SR o bind to triponin C |
|
|
Term
| how can we activate a neuron? |
|
Definition
| excitatory postsynaptic potentials |
|
|
Term
| what are extrafusal fibers? |
|
Definition
normal muscle fibers
innervated by alpha motor neuron
used to generate force |
|
|
Term
| what are intrafusal fibers? |
|
Definition
this muscle fibers
innervated by gamma motor neurons
too small to generate significant force |
|
|
Term
| what are alpha motor neurons? |
|
Definition
large diameters
innervate extrafusal fibers
movement |
|
|
Term
| what are gamma motor neurons? |
|
Definition
small diameters
innervate intrafusal fibers
sensory info |
|
|
Term
| what are the three reflexes? |
|
Definition
stretch reflex
Golgi Tendon Organ
crossed-extensor reflex |
|
|
Term
| outline synaptic transmission |
|
Definition
Step 1: action potential travels down the motor neuron to the presynaptic terminal
Step 2 & 3: depolarization of the presynaptic terminal open Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ flow into the presynaptic terminal to cause the release of ACh (stored in the synaptic vesicles) by exocytosis.
Step 4 & 5: ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nicotinic receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and open Na+ channels, allowing Na+ to enter to cause depolarization.
Step 6: then depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane spread by local currents to muscle fibers to reach the action potential
Step 7: to prevent chronic depolarization, the ACh must be degraded by AChE to acetyl and choline on the postsynaptic membrane
Upon breakdown the postsynaptic neuron becomes replorarized and prepared to receive a new action potential.
about 50% of the choline is used to synthesize new ACh |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of muscle from outside to inside? |
|
Definition
epimysium
perimysium
endomysium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 muclse fiber has many ____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the best marker of muscle damage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of cells repair muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distance between two sarcomeres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marks the overlap of the myosin and actin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of myosin filament; no overlap with actin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during muscle contraction which filament doesn't move? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the major site of Ca2+ storage in muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what structure also stores Ca2+, other than the SR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the H zone during muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
| becomes narrow, may disappear |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the A band during muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the I band during muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the Z lines during muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
brought together
sarcomere shortens |
|
|
Term
| explain the steps of excitation contraction coupling in skeletal muscle. |
|
Definition
Na+ channels open to begin action potential
action potential transmitted to the T-tubules
depolarization of the T-tubule causes Ca2+ channels to open and release from the SR
Ca2+ binds to troponin C to move tropomyosin from the myosin binding site
myosin forms the cross bridge, causes a phosphate to be removed from ATP resulting in the power stroke sliding actin over myosin
ATPase helps pump Ca2+ back into the SR to stop contraction
Ca2+ is removed from troponin C and tropomyosin covers the myosin binding site again |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the characteristics of type 2x muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
fast-twitch fibers
fast-glycolytic fibers
high myosin ATPase activity |
|
|
Term
| what are the characteristics of type 2a muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
intermediate fibers
fast-oxidative glycolytic fibers
medium-high myosin ATPase activity |
|
|
Term
| what are the characteristics of type 1 muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
slow-twitch fibers
slow-oxidative fibers
low myosin ATPase activity |
|
|
Term
| how do you type muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do fast fibers exert more force than slow fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F more force in fast fibers because there are more cross bridges. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F high force=high fatigue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if someone has more slow twitch fibers what could this say about their VO2 max? |
|
Definition
| higher VO2 max than someone with less slow twitch fibers |
|
|
Term
type 2x fibers:
number of mitochondria?
resistance to fatigue?
energy system?
speed of shortening?
ATPase activity?
efficiency? |
|
Definition
low
low
anaerobic
highest
highest
low |
|
|
Term
type 2a fibers:
number of mitochondria?
resistance to fatigue?
energy system?
speed of shortening?
ATPase activity?
efficiency? |
|
Definition
high/moderate
high/moderate
combination
high
high
moderate |
|
|
Term
type 1 fibers:
number of mitochondria?
resistance to fatigue?
energy system?
speed of shortening?
ATPase activity?
efficiency? |
|
Definition
high
high
aerobic
low
low
high |
|
|
Term
| how does endurance training alter muscle fiber types? |
|
Definition
cannot change from type 2 to type 1
the 2x to type 2a become more oxidative |
|
|
Term
| how does strength training alter muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a isometric movement? |
|
Definition
muscle exerts force without changing length
pulling against immoveable object
ie postural muscles |
|
|
Term
| what is an isotonic movement? |
|
Definition
concentric=muscle shortens during force production
eccentric=muscle produces force but length increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
striated
actin and myosin
calcium is needed for contraction
sliding filament theory
fibers connected by intercalated discs
shorter than skeletal muscle
all type 1 fibers
highly aerobic
single nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contraction phase
0.3 sec at rest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
relaxation phase
0.5 sec at rest |
|
|
Term
| outline the three stages of diastole. |
|
Definition
isovolumetric ventricular relaxation=atrium relaxed, ventricle relaxed, all valves closed
ventricular filling
-AV valve opens and begins filling 70% of the blood into the ventricle (atria and ventricle relaxed)
-AV valve remains open, atria contract to push remaining 30% of blood into the ventricle |
|
|
Term
| outline the two stages of systole. |
|
Definition
isovolumetric ventricular contraction=atria relaxed, ventricles contracting, all valves closed
ventricular ejection=atria relaxed, ventricle contracting, aortic and pulmonary valves are open 2/3 blood will be pumped out |
|
|
Term
| what factors effect vascular resistance? |
|
Definition
diameter or vessel
length of vessel
viscosity of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the highest aortic pressure measured during a cardiac cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the aortic blood pressure during diastole phase of the cardiac cycle |
|
|
Term
| if vessel A and vessel B have the same radius and vessel A has twice the length compared to vessel B, which will have higher resistance to flow? |
|
Definition
| vessel A will have twice the resistance |
|
|
Term
| if the viscosity of the blood increase twice, how many folds does the resistance increase or decrease? |
|
Definition
| resistance will increase twice |
|
|
Term
| if a 2-fold increase in radius, how many folds does the resistance increase or decrease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what controls long term regulation of BP?
short term regulation of BP? |
|
Definition
kidneys
sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| what two hormones help regulate BP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the conduction system of the heart? |
|
Definition
SA node
AV node
bundle branches
Purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
| the sympathetic nervous system has what effects on the heart? |
|
Definition
excitatory effects
-increase SA node pacing
-increase rate of conduction
-increase force of contraction |
|
|
Term
| the parasympathetic nervous system has what effects on the heart? |
|
Definition
inhibitory effects
-decrease rate of SA node pacing
-decrease rate of conduction
-decrease force of contraction |
|
|
Term
| what factors effect blood pressure? |
|
Definition
increase in blood volume
increase in heart rate
increase in stroke volume
increase peripheral resistance
increase in blood viscosity |
|
|
Term
| what is happening during the P wave on an ECG? |
|
Definition
upward=right atrium depolarize
downward=left atrium depolarizes |
|
|
Term
| what is happening during the QRS wave on an ECG? |
|
Definition
| ventricles depolarize and contract |
|
|
Term
| what is happening during the PQ segment on an ECG? |
|
Definition
isoelectric
atria are depolarized and still contracting
ventricular filling |
|
|
Term
| what is happening during the ST segment on an ECG? |
|
Definition
isoelectric
ventricles are still depolarized and contracting |
|
|
Term
| what is happening during the T wave on an ECG? |
|
Definition
| ventricles relax and repolarize |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean when the ST segment is below the baseline? |
|
Definition
| blockage of the carotid artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute |
|
|
Term
| what is the formula for cardiac output? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can training effect cardiac output at rest? exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what three variables regulate stroke volume? |
|
Definition
end-diastolic volume
average aortic blood pressure
strength of ventricular contraction |
|
|
Term
| what is end-diastolic volume? |
|
Definition
| volume of blog in the ventricles at the end of diastole before they begin to contract |
|
|
Term
| what three factors regulate venous return? |
|
Definition
venoconstriction
skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump |
|
|
Term
| what happens to stroke volume with an increase in mean arterial pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is blood pressure greater in the veins or arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what factors effect resistance? |
|
Definition
vessel length
viscosity of blood
vessel radius |
|
|
Term
| discuss stroke volume during exercise. |
|
Definition
| increases linearly until about 40% VO2 max, then reaches a steady state |
|
|
Term
| discuss heart rate during exercise. |
|
Definition
| heart rate increases linearly, does not reach a steady state |
|
|
Term
| T/F increase intensity, HR and SV increase linearly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do you see cardiac output plateau? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the Fick principle state? |
|
Definition
CO of left and right ventricles is equal
in a steady state, the rate of O2 consumption must equal the amount of O2 leaving the lungs in the pulmonary veins minus the amount of O2 returning to the lungs
the amount of O2 in the pulmonary vein = pulmonary blood flow times O2 content in pulmonary venous blood
the amount of O2 in the pulmonary artery = pulmonary blood flow time O2 content in pulmonary arterial blood |
|
|
Term
| T/F there is a redistribution of blood flow to skeletal muscle during exercise. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of regulation for blood flow during exercise? |
|
Definition
extrinsic regulation
paracrine regulation
intrinsic regulation |
|
|
Term
| what factors can induce auto regulation? |
|
Definition
decreased O2 concentration
increased CO2 concentration
decrease pH volume
release of K+ from tissues |
|
|
Term
| changes in HR and BP during exercise depend on: |
|
Definition
type, intensity, and duration
environmental condition
emotional influence |
|
|
Term
| does arm or leg exercise result in higher HR and BP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is cardiovascular drift? |
|
Definition
| when cardiac output maintains but stroke volume and HR changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moving air into and out of the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diaphragm contracts, ribs lift outward
volume of lungs increases
intrapulmonary pressure is lowered
chest pressure decreases, abdomen pressure increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diaphragm relaxes, ribs pulled downward
volume of lungs decreases
intrapulmonary pressure is raises
chest pressure increases, abdomen pressure decreases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressure and volume are inversely related |
|
|
Term
| what does spirometry measure? |
|
Definition
pulmonary volumes and rate of expired airflow
used for diagnosing lung diseases |
|
|
Term
| what is the average FEV1/VC ratio? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a chronic disease and an inflammatory reaction
can be controlled by medication
a reversible narrowing of the airways called a bronchospasm
occurs when exposed to pollution, temperature, humidity, smoke, virus, allergens |
|
|
Term
| when is someone most likely to suffer exercise induced asthma? |
|
Definition
| during or immediately after exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chronic obstructive lung disease
a constant narrowing of the airways |
|
|
Term
| what is chronic bronchitis? |
|
Definition
| a constant swelling of the breathing tubes and a constant production of mucus within airways |
|
|
Term
| what is the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis? |
|
Definition
| continuous cough with mucus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
damage to the alveoli
decreased elasticity of the airway |
|
|
Term
| what is the diagnosis of emphysema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is Fick's Law of Diffusion? |
|
Definition
the rate of gas transfer is proportional to the tissue area, the diffusion coefficient of the gas, and difference in the partial pressure of the gas on the two sides of the tissue
inversely proportional to the thickness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressure that each gas would exert independently |
|
|
Term
| what does dissolve O2 contribute to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what factors effect the O2-Hb Dissociation Curve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what factors will shift the O2-Hb Dissociation Curve to the right? |
|
Definition
increase PCO2
decrease pH
increase temperature
increase 2-3 DPG |
|
|
Term
| what factors will shift the O2-Hb Dissociation Curve to the left? |
|
Definition
decrease PCO2
increase pH
decrease temperature
decrease 2-3 DPG |
|
|
Term
| what is the idea ventilation/perfusion ratio? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three ways CO2 is transported in the blood? |
|
Definition
10% dissolved in plasma
20% bound to Hb
70% bicarbonate |
|
|
Term
| what happens to ventilation in hot and humid environment? |
|
Definition
| ventilation tends to drift upward |
|
|
Term
| at the onset of constant load sub maximal exercise the PO2 and PCO2 in there artery: |
|
Definition
remain unchanged
slight decrease in PO2
slight increase in PCO2 |
|
|
Term
| outline hemoglobin buffering. |
|
Definition
deoxygenated hemoglobin is better then oxygenated
6 times the buffering capacity than plasma proteins |
|
|
Term
| what does the bicarbonate buffering system consist of? |
|
Definition
| carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonate |
|
|
Term
| what are the first line cellular buffers? |
|
Definition
proteins
bicarbonate
phosphate |
|
|
Term
| what are the first like blood buffers? |
|
Definition
bicarbonate
Hb
and proteins |
|
|
Term
| what is the second line buffers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what factors regulate respiratory compensation? |
|
Definition
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