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Definition
| Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment. Unstressed conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| Steady adn unchanging level of some physiological variable. Not necessarily at resting value, example is heart rate |
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| Biological Control system |
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Definition
| Series of interconnected components that maintain a chemcial or physical parameter of the body near a constant value. |
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| Three elements of a control system |
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Definition
Sensor: Detects change, sends message
Control center: Interprets signal sends message
Effector: Recieves message, corrects disturbances |
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Definition
| Response from control system reduces size of stimulus. Most common |
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Definition
Increases original stimulus
Response in same direction as stimulus
example: labor contractions |
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Definition
precision with which a control system maintains homeostasis.
Capability |
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Definition
| Eating causes a rise in blood glucose which causes the pancreas to release insulin which causes a cellular uptake of glucose with causes blood glucose to decrease |
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Definition
| performance and better maintenance of homeostasis via cellular adaptation, acclimation and cell signaling |
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Term
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Definition
Intracrine: inside cell
Juxtacrine: cell to cell cytoplasm contact
Autocrine: release chemical messanger which acts on same cell
Paracrine: acts on nearby cells
Endocrine: into blood stream |
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Definition
Blood volume increase
Sweat earlier and more
Plasma levels increase
Heart chambers get bigger
More hemoglobin reduces HR and breath rate |
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Definition
| Manufactured in cells in response to a variety of stressors |
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Definition
| Chemical reactions in the body |
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Definition
| Chemical processes involved in ATP production |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Oxidation reduction reactions |
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Definition
Always coupled.
Oxidation removes electrons
Reduction adds electrons
Oxidizing agent donates
Reducing agent accepts |
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Term
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Definition
Speed up chemical reactions
Don't change result
Function at optimal levels of pH and temperature |
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Definition
| Required to initiate reaction |
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Definition
| enzyme adds phosphate group |
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Definition
| enzyme removes hydrogen atoms |
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Term
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Definition
glucose: sugar in blood
glycogen: stored polysaccharide in muscle and liver |
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Term
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Definition
glycogen is synthesized by enzyme glycogen synthase.
Glycogenolysis is breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
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Term
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Definition
Steroids: cholesterol and sex hormones
Phospholipids: cell membrane
Triglycerides: storage in muscle and adipose. use fatty acids for energy |
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Term
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Definition
amino acids (
Gluconeogenesis: alanine converted to glucose in liver |
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Term
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Definition
| Metabolic pathway involving muscle stores of ATP and the use of phosphocreatine to rephosphorylate ADP. Used at onset of exercise adn during short term, high-intensity work |
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Term
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Definition
Breakdown of glucose or glycogen to form two molecules of pyruvate or lactate. Also produces 2 NADH.
Energy investment phase requires 2 ATP
Energy generation phase produces 4 ATP |
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Term
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Definition
Glycolysis
Phosphorylative oxidation
Phosphocreatine |
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Term
| Enough phosphocreatine stored to last... |
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Definition
| 10 seconds, then use glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
No oxygen
PC breakdown and glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
Need oxygen
Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
| Amino acids, pyruvate and fatty acids convert to Acetyl-CoA which enters the krebs cycle and produces 1 FADH and 3 NADH. Substrate level phosphorylation is when the krebs cycle makes Guanosine Triphosphate which directly makes ATP from ADP. |
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| What is Acetyl CoA made from |
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Definition
Carbohydrates go through anaerobic glycolysis and pyruvate is produced.
Breakdown of fats into fatty acids which go through beta oxidation to form Acetyl CoA.
Breakdown of proteins into amino acids converted to glucose, pyruvic acid, acetyl coA and krebs cycle intermediates |
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Term
| In Electron Transport Chain each NADH and FADH produce how many molecules of ATP |
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Definition
NADH: 2.5 molecules of ATP
FADH: 1.5 molecules of ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in mitochondria. Results in the formation of ATP and water. Water is formed by oxygen accepting electrons, hence the reason we breath oxygen is to use it as the final acceptor of electrons in aerobic metabolism. |
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Definition
Nobel prize for heat production during muscle contraction and recovery
European |
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Definition
Nobel prize for relationship of O2 consumption and lactic acid in muscle
European |
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Definition
Nobel prize for function of the capillary circulation
European |
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Term
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Definition
Role of CO2 in the control of breathing
Developed respiratory gas analyzer
European |
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Term
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Definition
Role of O2 and lactic acid in the control of breathing during exercise
Douglas Bags
European |
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Term
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Definition
O2 binding to hemoglobin
Bohr shift to oxyhemoglobin-dissociation curve
European |
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| History of exercise physiology in US |
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Definition
| Harvard fatigue laboratory. DB Hill 1927-1947. Lab researched metabolism, environmental physiology, aging, blood and physical fitness |
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Definition
| Shuttle H atoms from glycolysis to electron transport chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions involving oxygen |
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Term
| Resting energy requirements |
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Definition
100% of ATP aerobically
Blood lactate <1.00mmol/L (always present)
Resting O2 consumption 3.5ml/kg/min |
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Term
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Definition
Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption
Rapid and slow portions
Greater after higher intensity |
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Term
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Definition
| Resynthesize stored phosphocreatine in muscles. Replenish myoglobin and hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
Elevated HR and BR = increased energy need
Elevated body temp = increased metabolic rate
Elevated ep and norep = increased metabolic rate
Gluconeogenesis (lactic acid to glucose) |
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Term
| Metabolic response to short term intense |
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Definition
1-5 seconds: ATP-PC
>5 seconds: glycolysis
60 seconds: 70%anaerobic/30%aerobic
2 minutes: 50/50 |
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Term
| Metabolic response to long term |
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Definition
Aerobic metabolism
Steady state O2 can be maintained except if hot/humid or too high intensity (upward drift of O2 intake, body temp and rising levels of ep and norep) |
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Term
| Metabolic response to incremental |
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Definition
O2 uptake increases linearly until VO2max is reached.
VO2max: physiological ceiling due to ability of cardiorespiratory system to deliver O2 and ability of muscles to produce ATP aerobically, up to 50% genetic |
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Term
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Definition
| BLood lactate level starts to rise exponentially. Occurs at 50-60% of VO2max for untrained and 65-80% of VO2max for trained |
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Term
| Explanations for lactate threshold |
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Definition
Hypoxia
Glycolysis goes so fast ETC can't keep up, or there isn't enough oxygen or mitochondria. So NADH/FADH can't drop H off at ETC so NADH/FADH converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid.
Recruitment of fast twitch: LDH promotes lactic acid formation
REduced rate of lactate removal from blood |
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Term
| Lactic acid after exercise |
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Definition
70% oxidized
20% converted to glucose in liver
10% converted to amino acids
Removed more rapidly with light exercise |
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Term
| Respiratory Exchange Rate |
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Definition
RER
R=Volume of CO2/Volume of O2
R for fat is .7
R for carbs is 1
RER must be above 1 to determine VO2max |
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Term
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Definition
Low intensity = fats
High intensity = carbs
Crossover due to recruitment of fast twitch muscle fibers and increasing levels of blood epinephrine
Want to conserve glucose |
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Term
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Definition
muscle glycogen for high intensity
blood glucose from liver for low intensity (glycogenolysis: liver releases glucose into blood) |
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Term
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Definition
Intramuscular triglycerides: high intensity
Plasma Free fatty acids: low intensity long duration |
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Term
| Fats burn in the flame of carbohydrates |
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Definition
| In order for fat to be turned into Acetyl CoA and be used in the Krebs cycle, glycolysis also must be functioning in order to produce the intermediates of the krebs cycle |
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Term
| Glycogen is depleted during prolonged high intensity exercise causing... |
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Definition
| Reduced rate of glycolysis adn production of pyruvate, which causes reduced krebs intermediates which causes reduced fat oxidation which causes ATP production to decrease. |
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Term
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Definition
Converted to pyruvate then to acetyl coA and enters krebs cycle.
Cori cycle: converted to glucose in liver
Lactate shuttle: Produced in one tissue and transported to another like fast twitch to slow twitch. |
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