Term
| What endocrine glands release hormones during exercise? |
|
Definition
hypothalamus
pituitary
pineal
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
pancreas |
|
|
Term
| What are the three factors that stimulate endocrine gland activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the hormonal factor. Give an example. |
|
Definition
secretion of hormone stimulated by another hormone.
1) ATCH is released into the blood
2) Adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids
3) Glucocorticoids influence several target organs
4) Glucocorticoids exert negative feedback on ATCH |
|
|
Term
| Explain the humoral factor. Give an example. |
|
Definition
hormone release due to substrate concentration
1) Blood glucose levels increase
2) Insulin secreted by the pancreas
3) Target cells absorb more glucose
4) Blood glucose levels drop
5) Low blood glucose inhibit insulin release |
|
|
Term
| Explain the neural factor. Give an example. |
|
Definition
hormone release is stimulated by the nervous system
1) Preganglionic SNS fibers stimulate adrenal medullary cells
2) Adrenal medullary cells secrete catecholamines |
|
|
Term
| Does epinephrine/ norepinephrine regulate protein metabolism? |
|
Definition
| No only fat and carb metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What is the first step after the hormone is released? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain steroid hormones. |
|
Definition
Most are made from cholesterol
are lipid soluble
bind to receptors inside the cell |
|
|
Term
| Explain non-steroid hormones. |
|
Definition
made from amino acids and proteins
bind to receptors outside the cell, then brought into the cell |
|
|
Term
| Give examples of non-steroid hormones. |
|
Definition
Insulin
Glucagon
Melatonin
Catecholamines
Thyroid Hormones
Pituitary Hormones
Hypothalamus Hormones |
|
|
Term
| Give examples of steroid hormones. |
|
Definition
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Estrogen
Testosterone
Progesterone
Vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| How are steroid hormones transported to cause their effect? |
|
Definition
picked up by a carrier protein to be transported in the blood
they pass through the cell membranes and bind to receptors inside the cell. they use a mechanism called direct gene activation to cause protein synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| How are non-steroid hormones transported to cause their effect? |
|
Definition
| they bind to receptors on the outside of the cell which activates a secondary messenger inside the cell to trigger many cellular processes. |
|
|
Term
| Which two non-steroid hormones do not use a secondary messenger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does hormone action begin? |
|
Definition
| when the hormone binds to a hormone receptor complex |
|
|
Term
| How does the steroid hormone mechanism work |
|
Definition
| by altering activity of DNA to modify protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What are the non-steriod hormone mechanisms? |
|
Definition
Adenyl cyclase mechanism
Phospholipase C mechanism
Tyrosine Kinase mechanism |
|
|
Term
| What is the second messenger of the Adenyl cyclase mechanism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the second messenger of the Phospholipase C mechanism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones use the Tyrosine Kinase mechanism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of the steroid hormone mechanism. |
|
Definition
| Cortisol is released, carrier proteins are needed to transport cortisol through the blood. The hormone must detach from the carrier protein before it can enter the cell. Once inside the cell a cytoplasmic receptor protein to carrier to another receptor so it can go into the nucleus. |
|
|
Term
What is a G protein?
What do they do? |
|
Definition
membrane-bound proteins that couple hormone receptors to effector enzymes
serve as "molecular switches" that decide whether the hormone action can proceed |
|
|
Term
| What are the three subunits of a G protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is bound to the alpha subunit when the G protein is INACTIVE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is bound to the alpha subunit when the G protein is ACTIVE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the Adenyl cyclase mechanism when a hormone binds to it receptor. |
|
Definition
Step 1: Hormone binds to its receptor in the cell membrane which causes GDP to be released from the alpha subunit and is replaced by GTP
Step 2: alpha subunit detaches from the G protein
Step 3: the alpha-GTP complex migrates within the cell membrane and binds to and activates adenylyl cyclase
Step 4: activated adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP
**after catabolism of activated adenylyl cyclase, GTP is converted back to GDP by GTPase, and alpha subunit returns to its inactive state
Step 5: cAMP -> activate protein kinase A->phosphorylate intracellular proteins
Step 6: these phosphorylated proteins induce physiological actions |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of the adenyl cyclase mechanism. |
|
Definition
Vasopressin (ADH)
ADH binds to a receptor and G proteins in the kidney collecting duct:
-stimulate adenyl cyclase
-catalyze ATP to cAMP
cause the insertion of water pores in the kidney collecting duct
water reabsorbed in the blood (increase blood volume)
increase blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| Explain how the Phospholipase C mechanism. |
|
Definition
When a hormone binds to its receptor:
Step 1: Hormone binds to its receptor in the cell membrane, causing GDP to be released and replaced with GTP
Step 2: alpha subunit detaches from the G protein
Step 3: the alpha-GTP complex migrates within the cell membrane and binds to an activates phospholipase C
Step 4: activated phospholipase C catalyzes the conversion of PIP2 to IP3
Step 5: IP3 causes the release of Ca2+ from the ER or SR
Step 6: Ca2+ and DAG activate protein kinase C->phosphorylate intracellular proteins->these phosphorylatd proteins induce physiological actions (step 7) |
|
|
Term
| Can one hormone be used by two mechanisms to produce the same outcome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False, we use cAMP as the second messenger for the Phospholipase C mechanism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of the Phospholipase C mechanism. |
|
Definition
Vasopressin (ADH)
Adh binds to its receptors and G proteins on arterioles and then:
-Phospholipase C
-DAG and IP3
-cause arteriole constriction
-increase blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of the Tyrosine Kinase mechanism. |
|
Definition
Insulin
Insulin binds to the tyrosine kinase receptors alpha subunit and causes the beta subunit to be phosphorylated and becomes active
Then, activated tyrosine kinase receptor phosphorylates signaling proteins-> lead to the movement of glucose transporter (GLUT4) to the membrane which allows glucose to enter the cell and activate glycogen synthase to form glycogen |
|
|
Term
| What type of cell is glucose transporter GLUT4 used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can the effects of insulin in type 1/ 2 diabetes patients? |
|
Definition
| Exercise will increase the binding and effects and cause the cells to take up more glucose |
|
|
Term
| What are the four factors that determine hormone levels? |
|
Definition
1) Rate of secretion of hormone from endocrine gland
-ie) increased stress
2) Rate of metabolism or excretion of hormone
- by liver and kindeys
3) Quantity of transport protein
-without carriers hormones cannot be transported
4) Changes in plasma volume
-dehydration |
|
|
Term
| What are the two ways that hormone concentration can be calculated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When will a change in relative hormone concentration change? |
|
Definition
dehydration
when plasma volume changes |
|
|
Term
| What are the three factors that affect the target cell's activation? |
|
Definition
1) Hormone concentration in the blood
2) Number of target cell receptors for the hormone
3) The sensitivity of binding between hormone and receptor |
|
|
Term
| Give and example of the three factors that affect the target cell's activation. |
|
Definition
Leptin
hormone released by fat tissue
the more fat tissue the more leptin is released, which can lead to leptin resistance.
the constant elevated hormone concentration in the blood causes the sensitivity to decrease |
|
|
Term
| Explain the sensitivity of a hormone. |
|
Definition
If more hormone is required to produce 50% of the maximal response, then there is a decrease in sensitivity of target tissue
If less hormone is required to produce 50% of the maximal response, then there is an increase in sensitivity of target tissue |
|
|
Term
| How can the sensitivity of a target cell change? |
|
Definition
changing the number of receptors
changing the affinity of the receptor for the hormone |
|
|
Term
| How can sensitivity be increase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease in receptor number or affinity in response to high concentration of hormone in a target tissue |
|
|
Term
| How do we decrease the number of receptors? |
|
Definition
stop synthesis of new receptors
increasing degradation of receptors
inactivate receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in the number or affinity in response to low concentration of hormone in a target tissue |
|
|
Term
| How do we increase the number of receptors? |
|
Definition
increase the synthesis of new receptors
decreasing the degradation of existing receptors
activating more receptors |
|
|
Term
| When does the body use up and down regulation? |
|
Definition
| all the time to regulate hormone concentration |
|
|
Term
| The primary endocrine gland that can activate other glands. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This endocrine gland near the hypothalamus makes its own hormones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the hormones in the posterior pituitary come from? |
|
Definition
| the hypothalamus makes the hormones and stores them in the posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| T/F Both the anterior and posterior pituitary glands make their own hormones. |
|
Definition
False
the posterior pituitary does not make hormones |
|
|
Term
| What are the two hormones that are released from the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
oxytocin
ADH (Vasopressin) |
|
|
Term
| What is an action of ADH during exercise? |
|
Definition
stimulates the hypothalamus to release ADH from the posterior pituitary to preserve water
-this is good for endurance athletes |
|
|
Term
| Explain the binding of vasopressin (ADH). |
|
Definition
ADH binds to is receptors and G proteins in the kidney collecting duct, and then
-stimulate adenyl cyclase
-catalyze ATP to cAMP |
|
|
Term
| What is the main physiological action of ADH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does ADH use the adenyl cyclase mechanism to increase blood pressure? |
|
Definition
ADH binds to the receptor and G proteins in the kidney and collecting duct
stimulates adenyl cyclase
catalyze ATP to cAMP
causes the insertion of water pores in the kidney collecting duct
water reabsorbed into the blood
increase blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| How does ADH use the phospholipase C mechanism to increase blood pressure? |
|
Definition
ADH binds to its receptors and G proteins on arterioles
phospholipase C -> use
DAG and IP3->
cause arteriole constriction
increase blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of ADH (Vasopressin) on exercise? |
|
Definition
exercise stimulates ADH secretion
with increase sweating ADH secretion increases
the increase in ADH help the body conserve fluids/water particularly during hot weather exercise |
|
|
Term
| T/F The increase of exercise intensity but not duration stimulates the increase ADH secretion. |
|
Definition
False
This increase in both exercise intensity and duration cause an increase in ADH secretion |
|
|
Term
| Why would you take a glycerol supplement? |
|
Definition
| to enhance water retention |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of oxytocin? |
|
Definition
facilitates ejection of milk from the breast
stimulates contractions during childbirth |
|
|
Term
| How is the release of oxytocin stimulated? |
|
Definition
suckling->
neural signal to the hypothalamus->
stimulate neurons producing oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| What two hormones are released by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Oxytocin plays a role during exercise. |
|
Definition
False
Studies show that there are no changes in oxytocin levels during exercise |
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 hormones that are released from the hypothalamus and activate the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
Prolactin Releasing Hormone(PRH)
Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone(PIH/dopamine)
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone(TRH)
Cortiotrophin Releasing Hormone(CRH)
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone(GHRH)
Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone(GHIH/somatostatin)
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone(GnRH) |
|
|
Term
| What hormones from the hypothalamus stimulate the release of other hormones from the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
Prolactin Releasing Hormone
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
Cortiotropin Releasing Hormone
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone |
|
|
Term
| What hormones from the hypothalamus inhibit the release of other hormones from the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone
Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone |
|
|
Term
| What hormones are released in the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
Growth Hormone
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone
Follicole-Stimulating Hormone |
|
|
Term
What is the role of growth hormone?
What are its major target organs? |
|
Definition
liver and adipose tissue
promotes growth (indirectly)
control of protein, lipid, and carb metabolism |
|
|
Term
What is the role of thyroid-stimulating hormone?
What are its major target organs? |
|
Definition
Thyroid gland
to release thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
What is the role of adrenocorticotropic hormone?
What are its major target organs? |
|
Definition
Adrenal gland(cortex)
stimulates the secretion of glucocorticoids |
|
|
Term
What is the role of prolactin?
What are its major target organs? |
|
Definition
mammary gland
milk production |
|
|
Term
What is the role of luteinizing hormone?
What are its major target organs? |
|
Definition
ovary and testes
control of reproductive function |
|
|
Term
What is the role of follicle-stimulating hormone?
What are its major target organs? |
|
Definition
ovary and testes
control of reproductive function |
|
|
Term
| T/F Growth hormone has both catabolic and anabolic effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What endocrine gland releases GHIH and GHRH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The hypothalamus releases GHRH->
the anterior pituitary releases GH->
stimulates the liver to release IGF-1 and IGF-11->
IGF 1&2 go to tissues->
stimulate growth and development |
|
|
Term
| What happens when IGF levels get too high? |
|
Definition
| negative feedback to stop the release of GH |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of growth? |
|
Definition
hyperplasia
production of extracellular matrix
hypertophy |
|
|
Term
| Explain what hyperplasia is. |
|
Definition
the cell number increase
ie) skin cells, tumor cells, and red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| What is it called when neurons swell and become bigger? |
|
Definition
| production of extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cell enlarge
ie) skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| What are the anabolic actions for GH? |
|
Definition
increase amino acid uptake by cells->
increase protein synthesis by cells->
increase muscle mass |
|
|
Term
| What are the catabolic actions of GH? |
|
Definition
increase gluconeogensis: synthesis of glucose from the breakdown of protein and fats
decrease the use of plasma glucose (glucose intake) to maintain plasma glucose concentration |
|
|
Term
| T/F Growth hormone has the opposing effect of insulin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Poor nutrition
Genetices
Psychological
the increase stress and depression increases cortisol and increases GHIH |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of GH during exercise? |
|
Definition
anabolic effects
increase protein synthesis: skeletal muscle growth
increase amino acid uptake-> increase protein synthesis-> increase muscle mass |
|
|
Term
| T/F Who ever receives more stress, will release more hormones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Growth hormone is dependent on both intensity and duration. |
|
Definition
False
only dependent on intensity |
|
|
Term
| Why do trained individuals have a greater response to GH, than untrained individuals? |
|
Definition
muscle adaptation to use energy more efficiently
GH increase at maximal exercise to exhaustion, although the untrained individual will have high levels well into recovery |
|
|
Term
| What type of training increases GH and hypertrophy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do football players take growth hormone? |
|
Definition
| muscle growth, mainly to breakdown fat |
|
|
Term
| Will children become giants if they drink cows milk that contain GH? |
|
Definition
| no growth hormone is species specific |
|
|
Term
| Which protein carrier transports T3 and T4 in the blood? |
|
Definition
| thyroxine binding globulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F T3 is released more, but T4 is more active. |
|
Definition
False
T3 is more active, but T4 is released more.
Takes time for T4 to be converted to T3 |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is used when T4 is converted to T3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Only the free T3 and T4 are active and must be released from the carrier protein before entering cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What endocrine gland makes T3 and T4? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the primary function of T3 and T4?
What about during long-term cold temperature? |
|
Definition
heat production
increase TRH and TSH-> increase in T3 and T4 |
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 actions of T3 and T4? |
|
Definition
1)increase metabolic rate
2)increase O2 consumption
3)increase heat production
4)increase needed for CNS development
5)increase metabolic reactions(protein & lipid synthesis)
6)increase activity of many hormones, especially catecholamines
7)increase needed for normal GH function |
|
|
Term
| Explain excessive T3 and T4. |
|
Definition
Hyperthyroidism
increase metabolic rate-> increase weight loss (even w/ a large amount of food consumption)
increase HR
feel hot and sweaty |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of hypothyroidism? |
|
Definition
feel cold, hair loss, slow HR
fatigue
weight gain(even if eating less than usual) |
|
|
Term
| What happens in adults with hypothyroidism? |
|
Definition
hypoventilation
impaired muscular contraction
low cardio output |
|
|
Term
| What happens in children and babies with hypothyroidism? |
|
Definition
Child:poor growth
Baby:Cretinism=mental retardation and dwarfism |
|
|
Term
How much percent does T4 increase after 40 minutes of prolonged exercise?
What is the result of this? |
|
Definition
35%
exercise induced elevation in core temperature |
|
|
Term
| Does exercise reduce the release of T3 and T4? |
|
Definition
free T4 increases with body temperature
free T4 helps regulate body temperature during exercise |
|
|
Term
| What are the two sections of the adrenal gland? |
|
Definition
adrenal medulla
adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
| What hormones are secreted from the adrenal medulla? |
|
Definition
epinephrine
norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| What hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex? |
|
Definition
aldosterone
cortisol
sex steroid hormones |
|
|
Term
| The adrenal medulla is part of what part of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major receptors in target cells? |
|
Definition
alpha (1 & 2)
beta (1 & 2) |
|
|
Term
| T/F The Parasympathetic nervous system regulates vasoconstriction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the sympathetic pathway. |
|
Definition
| Brain(CNS)->preganglionic neuron releases ACh->ganglion->postganglionic neuron releases NE->target tissue |
|
|
Term
| Explain the parasympathetic pathway. |
|
Definition
| Brain(CNS)->preganglionic neuron releases ACh->ganglion->postganglionic neuron releases ACh->target tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways? |
|
Definition
| The sympathetic pathway releases NE or E in the postganglionic neuron, where the parasympathetic pathway releases ACh |
|
|
Term
| How do the alpha and beta receptors work in the immune system, for example? |
|
Definition
alpha=increase inflammation
beta=decrease inflammation |
|
|
Term
| How does the ANS regulate the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the sympathetic response for the heart?
What kind of receptor does it bind to? |
|
Definition
increase rate and force of contraction
beta 1 receptors |
|
|
Term
| What is the parasympathetic response for the heart? |
|
Definition
| slows rate of contraction |
|
|
Term
What is the sympathetic response for the arterioles and veins?
What kind of receptors does it bind to? |
|
Definition
Contracts and dilates
alpha and beta 2 receptors |
|
|
Term
| What is the parasympathetic response for the arterioles and veins? |
|
Definition
| The parasympathetic nervous system does not control veins or arterioles |
|
|
Term
What is the sympathetic response for the lungs?
What receptors do they bind to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the parasympathetic response for the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the sympathetic response for the digestive tract?
What receptors do they bind to? |
|
Definition
decreased motility and secretion
alpha 2 and beta 2 |
|
|
Term
| What is the parasympathetic response for the digestive tract? |
|
Definition
| increase motility and secretion |
|
|
Term
| T/F Usually E has more effect than NE, especially in skeletal muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones increase arteriole constriction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you know if E/NE will bind to a alpha or beta receptor? |
|
Definition
the concentration of receptors
more alpha=constriction
more beta=dilation |
|
|
Term
| What mechanism does E and NE use? |
|
Definition
| either adenyl cyclase or phospholipse C |
|
|
Term
| What percent does the adrenal medulla secrete of E and NE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F There is a parasympathetic nerve to the adrenal medulla. |
|
Definition
False.
There is not a parasympathetic nerve to the adrenal medulla |
|
|
Term
| Why does E generate more action? |
|
Definition
| more of E = more binding of E = more action from E |
|
|
Term
| T/F There is a pre and post ganglionic neuron to the adrenal medulla. |
|
Definition
False.
There is only a preganglionic neuron to the adrenal medulla
NO POST GANGLIONIC NEURON |
|
|
Term
| What is the adrenal medulla often described as? |
|
Definition
| modified sympathetic ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What are the major cardiovascular actions of E? |
|
Definition
increase rate and force of heart contraction via beta 1 receptor-> increased HR
increase constriction of arterioles via alpha receptor->increase BP |
|
|
Term
| What are the major metabolic actions of E? |
|
Definition
increase glycogen breakdown
increase lipolysis for basal metabolic rate and prolong exercise |
|
|
Term
| T/F E does not break down protein, but glucocorticoids (cortisol) do. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the two major stimuli for E release. |
|
Definition
Sympathetic nerves: mental or physical stress
Hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
| T/F E and NE release is dependent on exercise intensity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do you see cortisol release immediately after exercise? Why? How long does it take? |
|
Definition
No because cortisol is released from the adrenal cortex, which takes more time than releasing E and NE
For cortisol to be released the hypothalamus must release corticotropin releasing hormone(CRH)->stimulates the anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone(ATCH)->binds to the adrenal cortex->stimulates the release of cortisol
takes about 15 minutes |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take to see the release of E after the onset of exercise? Why? |
|
Definition
about 1 min
the adrenal medulla is activated by the CNS, exercise activates the CNS immediately |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of E and NE during prolonged exercise? |
|
Definition
mainly fat metabolism
increase blood levels of E and NE stimulate lipases to breakdown fat |
|
|
Term
| Can exercise training lower E/NE concentration during exercise? Why? |
|
Definition
Yes, after 3 weeks of exercise training you can being to see a reduction in E/NE concentration
This is due to muscle adaptation, more efficient |
|
|
Term
| What hormones are released from the adrenal cortex? |
|
Definition
aldosterone
cortisol
sex steroid hormones (androgen and estrogens) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major functions of aldosterone? |
|
Definition
increase potassium excretion (low in the blood)
increase sodium and water reabsorption (high in blood) |
|
|
Term
| Name the two major regulators of aldosterone release. |
|
Definition
High K+ levels in the blood
Blood levels of angiotensinogen (liver), regulated by renin(enzyme)
Low BP |
|
|
Term
Release of cortisol is an example of what kind of release?
a)humoral
b)hormonal
c)neural |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Release of catecholamines is an example of what kind of release?
a)humoral
b)hormonal
c)neural |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Release of aldosterone is an example of what kind of release?
a)humoral
b)hormonal
c)neural |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does low BP stimulate the release of aldosterone? |
|
Definition
| Low BP->activate kidney->release renin->along with ACE converts angiotensinogen 1 to angiotensinogen 2->angiotensinogen 2 circulates in the blood->reaches adrenal cortex->releases aldosterone->increase Na+ and water reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| What do people with hypertension use to lower BP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones can regulate fat metabolism? |
|
Definition
growth hormone
E/NE
cortisol
insulin-anabolic
glucagon-catabolic |
|
|
Term
| What hormones can regulate carb metabolism? |
|
Definition
growth hormone
E/NE-glycogenolysis
insulin
cortisol
glucagon |
|
|
Term
| What hormones can regulate protein metabolism? |
|
Definition
growth hormone
insulin
IGF-1
cortisol
glucagon |
|
|
Term
| How is angiotensinogen-1 changed to angiotensinogen-2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Aldosterone is a key hormone in regulating exercise induced BP. |
|
Definition
False.
SNS is the major system to regulate exercise induced BP-E/NE |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of aldosterone during exercise? |
|
Definition
Above 50% VO2 max levels will increase
this is mainly to regulate water retention |
|
|
Term
| How is cortisol released? |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus releases CRH->stimulates anterior pituitary->anterior pituitary releases ATCH->stimulates the adrenal cortex->adrenal cortex releases cortisol |
|
|
Term
| Name the 6 actions of cortisol. |
|
Definition
1)increase metabolic rate=gluconeogensis, proteolysis, lipolysis
2)suppresses immune system
3)decrease insulin sensitivity
4)decrease bone formation
5)increase enhance vascular response to catecholamine
6)reduce inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Why do athletes get cortisol shots? |
|
Definition
to decrease inflammation
ie)in the shoulder |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of excessive glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
1)primary hypersecretion of cortisol by adrenal tumor
2)secondary hyper secretion of ATCH by pituitary tumor |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the secondary hyper secretion of ATCH by a pituitary tumor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the syndromes of excessive levels of glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
Bone breakdown
redistribution of fat from limb to abdomen
Muscle breakdown
Hyperglycemia |
|
|
Term
| T/F Low to moderate exercise can lower stress. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of exercise intensity causes the release of cortisol? |
|
Definition
exercise above 60% VO2 max
significant levels at 80% VO2 max |
|
|
Term
| T/F Longer bouts of exercise at low to moderate intensities do not produce more cortisol. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does duration have an affect on cortisol release? |
|
Definition
| 1 hour low to moderate or 80% VO2 max intensity to see significant increase in cortisol release |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of hormones the adrenal cortex secretes? |
|
Definition
Mineralcorticoids-aldosterone
Glucocorticoids-cortisol
Sex Steroids-androgens and estrogens |
|
|
Term
| What type of cells in the pancreas release insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells in the pancreas release glucagon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the anabolic reactions of insulin? |
|
Definition
glycogensis=synthesis of glycogen in the liver
protein synthesis in the muscle
lipogensis= synthesis of triglyceride in adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
What is the main goal of insulin?
When does this happen? |
|
Definition
to decrease blood levels of fuel
during the time after meals when nutrients have are absorbed into the blood are taken up by the cells and stored for later use |
|
|
Term
| What are the catabolic reactions of glucagon? |
|
Definition
glycogenolysis=glycogen->glucose
proteolysis=stored protein to amino acids
lipolysis=stored triglycerides to fatty acids |
|
|
Term
What is the main goal of glucagon?
When does this happen? |
|
Definition
increase blood levels of fuels
during the fasting time or exercise to provide fuel for the brain and working muscles |
|
|
Term
| Will higher glucagon levels make us fat? |
|
Definition
| no. high insulin levels will |
|
|
Term
| If a pregnant women has low insulin and needs to inject insulin, will her baby become fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a high ratio of insulin to glucagon tell us? |
|
Definition
| it will favor anabolic reaction-more insulin |
|
|
Term
| What does a low ratio of insulin to glucagon tell us? |
|
Definition
| it will favor catabolic reaction-more glucagon |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of E/NE on insulin and glucagon during exercise? |
|
Definition
| during exercise maintains blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
| What happens to insulin during increased exercise intensity and duration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| follicle-stimluating hormone |
|
|
Term
| What are the actions of FSH in females? |
|
Definition
initiates follicle growth in the ovaries
stimulates the ovaries to secrete estrogen |
|
|
Term
| What are the actions of FSH in males? |
|
Definition
initiates germinal growth in the testes
stimulates to testes to promote sperm development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the actions of LH? |
|
Definition
LH complements FSH actions in causing estrogen secretion and rupture of the follicle
secrete testosterone |
|
|
Term
What is the role of testosterone?
WHere is it released from? |
|
Definition
anabolic steroid-promotes tissue building, performance enhancing
androgenic steroid-promotes masculine characteristics
released from the testes |
|
|
Term
What is the role of Estrogen and progesterone?
Where are they released from? |
|
Definition
establish and maintain reproductive function
levels vary throughout the menstrual cycle
released from the ovaries |
|
|
Term
| How is testosterone release controlled? |
|
Definition
| negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| How is estrogen release controlled? |
|
Definition
| negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| What is the small change in FSH and LH during exercise accountable to? |
|
Definition
changes in plasma volume during exercise
a decrease rate of removal rather than an increased rate of secretion |
|
|
Term
| What does testosterone have a direct effect on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does testosterone have an indirect effect on? |
|
Definition
| muscle fiber's protein content by promoting GH release |
|
|
Term
| T/F Testosterone can increase the size of the neuromuscular junction. |
|
Definition
| true. can also enhance the production capacities of skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| What is the trained vs untrained comparison with testosterone? |
|
Definition
| trained individuals have a significantly lower amount of testosterone than untrained individuals |
|
|
Term
| Why do we lower the use of fat with increasing exercise intensity? |
|
Definition
elevated H+ concentration inhibits HSL
high levels of lactic acid-promotes resynthesis of triglycerides
inadequate blood flow to adipose tissue
insufficient albumin to transport FFA in plasma |
|
|
Term
| What is FFA mobilization dependent on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of lactic acid on FFA? |
|
Definition
| FFA decreases as lactic acid increases |
|
|
Term
| Isled and aceacine are two types of tissue found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the isles cells of the pancreas. |
|
Definition
| has alpha and beta cells which secrete insulin and glucagon |
|
|
Term
| Explain the aceacine cells of the pancreas. |
|
Definition
| release enzymes to help insulin and glucagon exhibit their effects |
|
|
Term
| Do you expect the ratio of insulin to glucose to become higher or lower after training? |
|
Definition
| higher due to the decrease in the release of glucagon |
|
|
Term
| T/F The ratio of glucagon to insulin is expected to become higher after exercise training. |
|
Definition
false
glucagon:insulin would become lower |
|
|
Term
| T/F A trained individual has a higher ratio of insulin to glucagon, where an untrained individual has a lower ratio of insulin to glucagon. And vice versa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can we use the ratio of insulin to glucagon to measure cardiovascular fitness? |
|
Definition
measure the amount of insulin and glucagon.
find the ratio.
at two week or weekly intervals measure the amount of insulin and glucagon and determine the ratio.
the ratio of insulin to glucagon should become higher if the exercise training protocol is good.
if there is no change the protocol should be altered |
|
|
Term
| Why do untrained individuals have a lower insulin to glucagon ratio? |
|
Definition
their body favors catabolic reaction because they use more energy to do the same amount of work.
glucagon has catabolic effects |
|
|
Term
| What is the indirect effect NE/E has on regulating blood sugar? |
|
Definition
| NE/E can activate the pancreas to stop insulin release and bind to alpha receptors to increase the release of glucagon. |
|
|
Term
| T/F The increase release of glucagon and decrease release of insulin favors anabolic effects. |
|
Definition
False
favors catabolic effects |
|
|
Term
| When we increase exercise intensity out body uses mainly carbs as energy. When we increase duration our body mainly uses fat as energy. E/NE, GH, Cortisol, and glucagon can breakdown both fats and carbs. Why do we use more fat during prolonged exercise and more carbs during high intensity exercise? |
|
Definition
due to the inhibitions of lipases.
during high intensity exercise H+ concentration increases, which inhibit HSL that are needed to breakdown fat.
high intensity also turns FFA into glycogen in the liver |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between GH and testosterone? |
|
Definition
GH only increases muscle mass
testosterone increases muscle mass and strength |
|
|
Term
| Is the relationship between lactic acid accumulation and plasma FFA a positive or negative one? |
|
Definition
|
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