Term
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Definition
| Sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body |
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Term
Metabolism
Anabolic reactions |
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Definition
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Term
Metabolism
Catabolic reactions |
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Definition
Breakdown of molecules
ex. carbohydrates and vegetable |
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Term
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Definition
Converting foodstuffs (fats, proteins, carbohydrates) into energy
ex. run, jump or swim |
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Term
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Definition
store, increase amino acid uptake by cells
increase protein synthesis by cells: increase muscle mass |
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Term
| example catabolic reactions |
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Definition
breakdown decrease fat store; Lipolysis (breakdown of fat stored in fat cells)
increase Gluconeogenesis: synthesis of glucose from the breakdown of protein and fats. |
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Term
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Definition
| use for synthesis of glucose from carbohydrate of molecule which are fat and protein. our body can only store certain amount of carbohydrate about 500 gram. |
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Term
Cell Structure
Cell membrane |
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Definition
| Semipermeable membrane that separates the cell from the extracellular environment. function are to enclose the components of the cell membrane of the cell and to regulate the passage of various types of substances in and out of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains genes that regulate protein synthesis Molecular biology |
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Term
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Definition
(called sarcoplasm in muscle).
Fluid portion of cell
Contains organelles
Mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
| called the power house of the cell and involved in the oxidative conversion of food stuffs into usable cellular energy |
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Term
| Study of molecular structures and events underlying biological processes |
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Definition
| Relationship between genes and cellular characteristics they control |
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Term
| Exercise training results in modifications in protein synthesis |
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Definition
| Strength training results in increased synthesis of muscle contractile protein |
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Term
| Steps Leading to Protein Synthesis |
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Definition
1)DNA contains information to produce proteins.
2)Transcription produces mRNA.
3)mRNA leaves nucleus and binds to ribosome.
4)Amino acids are carried to the ribosome by tRNA.
5)In translation, mRNA is used to determine the arrangement of amino acids in the polypeptide chain(protein synthesis) |
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Term
Cellular Chemical Reactions
Endergonic reactions |
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Definition
| Require energy to be added to the reactant. however because energy is added to the reaction, the products contain more free energy than the original reactants |
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Term
Cellular Chemical Reactions
Exergonic reactions |
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Definition
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Term
Cellular Chemical Reactions
Coupled reactions |
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Definition
| Release of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction. are reactions that are linked,with the liberation of free energy in one reaction being used to drive a second reaction. |
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Term
| The Breakdown of Glucose: An Exergonic Reaction. figure 3.3 |
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Definition
| the amount of total energy released via exergonic reactions is the same whether the energy is release in one single reaction (combustion) or many small, controlled steps that usually occur in cells (cellular oxidation). the breakdown of hlucose inrto carbon dioxide and water (6co2+6H2o) via cellular oxidation results in a release energy reactants that results of free energy. |
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Term
Coupled Reactions
The energy given off by the exergonic reaction powers the endergonic reaction figure 3.4 |
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Definition
| it's like two meshed gears in which the turning of one causes the movement of the second. oxidation -reduction reactions are an important types of it. |
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Term
test.
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions |
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Definition
| Oxidation and reduction are always coupled reactions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Oxidation-Reduction Reactions |
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Definition
This reaction often involves the transfer of hydrogen molecule (or atoms) rather than free electrons
Hydrogen molecule contains one electron
A molecule that loses a hydrogen also loses an electron and therefore is oxidized.
oxidized release electron and hydrogen
reduction accept hydrogen |
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Term
| Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Importance of NAD and FAD |
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Definition
| NAD = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide FAD = flavin adenine dinucleotide NAD and FAD can help generate ATP molecule which occurred in electron transport chain in thew mitochondria once they release hydrogen. |
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Term
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Definition
Catalysts that regulate the speed of reactions
Lower the energy of activation but do not alter nature of reaction
note: normal acid in the muscle is lower than the blood. our body have different buffer which regulate acid in the blood.
Factors that regulate enzyme activity
Temperature
pH
Interact with specific substrates
Lock and key model |
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Term
Enzymes Catalyze Reactions
figure 3.6 |
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Definition
| enzymes catalyze lower the energy of activation but do not alter nature of reaction why? by reducing the activation energy enzume increased the speed of chemical reactions and therefore increase the rate of product formation. |
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Term
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Definition
1)Substrate such as pyruvate, need enzymes to be converted to other substrate.
2)Before enzyme attaches to vitamin coenzyme, enzyme is in a closed position. After attachment, it is in opening position.
3)The open, activated enzyme accepts the substrate.
4)Split the substrate into two compounds while releasing the enzyme and vitamin coenzyme |
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Term
Factors That Alter Enzyme Activity
Temperature |
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Definition
Small rise in body temperature increases enzyme activity
Exercise results in increased body temperature |
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Term
Factors That Alter Enzyme Activity
pH |
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Definition
Changes in pH reduces enzyme activity
Lactic acid produced during exercise |
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Term
| The Effect of Body Temperature on Enzyme Activity |
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Definition
| A small rise in body temperature above normal increases the activity of most enzymes. it useful during exercise because muscular work results in an increase in body temperature and enhance bioenergetics (ATP production) by speeding up the rate of reactions involved in production |
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Term
The Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity
figure 3.9 |
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Definition
| if the PH is altered from the optimum, the enzyme activity is reduced. ex. during intense exercise, skeletal muscle can produce large amounts of hydrogen ions results in a decrease in the PH of body fluids below the optimum PH of important bio energetic enzymes. the end result is a decreased ability to provide the energy ATP required for muscular contraction. |
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Term
Substrates for energy Production: Carbohydrates
Glucose |
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Definition
Blood sugar
carbohydrate for energy metabolism. blood sugar can be found in food or can be formed in the digestive tract as a result of cleavage of more complex carbohydrates |
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Term
Substrates for energy Production: Carbohydrates
Glycogen |
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Definition
1)Storage form of glucose in liver and muscle
Synthesized by enzyme glycogen synthase
also stored in animal tissues
2)Glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
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Term
| example of glycogen during exercise |
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Definition
| during exercise individual muscle cells break down glycogen into glucose called glycogenolysis and use the glucose as energy source for contraction. glycogen can be depleted with in few hrs as a result of prolonged exercise |
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Term
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Definition
glycerol and fatty acids
Storage form of fat in muscle and adipose tissue
Breaks down into glycerol and fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
Not used as an energy source
Provide the structural integrity of cell membrane. when the myelin sheath is missing (can suffer multiple sclerosis)
Provide the insulation of sheath around nerve fibers |
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Term
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Definition
The most common steroid is cholesterol
Needed to synthesize sex hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| not all fats are bad. 3 types of fats saturated, unsaturated and trans fat |
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Term
Hormones can be classified:
- steroid |
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Definition
- are lipid soluble
- most are formed from cholesterol |
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Term
- Hormones can be classified:
non-steroid |
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Definition
| are formed from proteins and amino acid |
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Term
(Test)
Non-steroid hormones
Peptides/Protein |
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Definition
E.g
Insulin
Glucagon
All pituitary and hypothalamic hormones
90% of hormones are proteins |
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Term
(Test) Non-steroid hormones
Amine |
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Definition
E.g
Thyroid hormones
Catecholamines |
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Term
(Test) Steroid hormones
Steroids |
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Definition
E.G
Cortisol,
Estrogen,
Testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
1)Composed of amino acids
- nine amino acids are essential and cannot be made by our body.
2)Some can be converted to glucose in the liver
Gluconeogenesis
3)Others can be converted to metabolic intermediates (e.g some enzymes)
Contribute as a fuel in muscle in the bioenergetic pathways.
4)Overall, protein is not a primary energy source during exercise |
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Term
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Definition
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Consists of adenine, ribose, and three linked phosphates
Synthesis ADP +Pi-ATP
Breakdown
ATP +H2O--- ADP +Pi +Energy
ATPase
ATP require water to create energy
Note: ribose help maintain ATP which is short term exercise |
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Term
Three Energy Systems Overview
Immediate Energy Systems (ATP-PCr system) Anaerobic ATP production |
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Definition
Power; 0 to10 or 14 seconds; weight lifting
Do not involve O2
ATP: the first cellular source of immediate energy
PCr (Phosphocreatine): the second cellular source of immediate energy
Myokinase enzyme: the third source of immediate energy |
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Term
Three Energy Systems Overview
Non-oxidative Energy Systems ( Fast Glycolysis (Anaerobic ATP production) |
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Definition
Speed; 10 or 14 to 60 seconds; 100-m run
Do not involve O2
Glucose
Glycogen |
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Term
Three Energy Systems Overview
Oxidative Energy Systems (Oxidative Phosphorylation)
Aerobic ATP production |
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Definition
Endurance; > 2 minutes; 1500-m run
Require involve O2
Glucose
Glycogen
Fatty acids
Amino Acids |
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Term
Immediate System (ATP-PCr System)
1) ATP Hydrolysis |
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Definition
the first cellular source of immediate energy
ATP + H2O ------ ADP + Pi + Energy
ATPase |
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Term
Immediate System (ATP-PCr System)
2) PCr (Phosphocreatine): |
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Definition
- the second cellular source of immediate energy.
- PCr is high-energy phosphorylated compound
- 5 or 6 times greater concentration than ATP does.
- provide a reserve of phosphate energy to regenerate ATP that is consumed at the result of muscle contraction
PCr + ADP----------------ATP
Creatine kinase |
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Term
Immediate System (ATP-PCr System)
. Myokinase Enzyme |
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Definition
- the third immediate energy source in muscle involves in myokinase enzyme.
- Myokinase has the ability to generate one ATP from two
ADP + ADP------------ ATP + AMP
myokinase
Immediate system produces totally about 11.1Kcals/mole in total muscle mass for 30 kg of muscle in a 70-kg man
- ATP hydrolysis: 1.8 kcal/mole
- PCr offers: 8.4 kcal/mole
- Myokinase enzyme (Myokinase ATP): 0.9 kcal/mole
ADPs. |
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Term
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Definition
PCr almost react about 1005 after exercise. our body cannot use 100% ATP because we must leave some for normal body function.
PCr generate and create ATP |
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Term
| Benefits/Liabilities of ATP-PCr System |
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Definition
1)Represents most rapidly available source of ATP.
2) Does not depend on long series of chemical reactions.
3)ATP/PCr stores can be enhanced through training. short distance runner
4)The amount of energy available is the most limited of all systems; can only fuel all out efforts to approx 10-14 sec. |
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Term
| Does Creatine Supplementation Improve Exercise Performance? (Part of immediate) |
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Definition
Depletion of PC may limit short-term, high-intensity exercise
Creatine monohydrate supplementation
Increased muscle PC stores
Some studies show improved performance in short-term, high-intensity exercise
Inconsistent results may be due to water retention and weight gain
Increased strength and fat-free mass with resistance training
Creatine supplementation for 8 weeks does not appear to pose health risks |
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Term
Non-oxidative Energy System
Fast glycolysis ( or fast glycogenolysis) |
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Definition
| energy derived from the breakdown of glucose (or glycogen) to 2 (or 3) molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of lactic acid |
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Term
Non-oxidative Energy System
Two phases |
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Definition
Energy investment phase
- 6 carbon molecule (one glucose = C6H12O6)
requires 2 ATPs
formation of two 3-carbon molecules |
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Term
Non-oxidative Energy System
Two phases
Energy generation phase |
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Definition
(two 3-carbon molecules)
- Produces 4 ATP molecules, 2 NADH
- the formation of two 3-carbon pryruvate or two 3-carbon lactate |
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