Receptor: recieve stimulus

Integrator: comes up with solution

Effector: fixes problem (solver)

How precise a system is in controlling its actions.

Larger gain is good

amt. of correction needed/amt of abnormality after correction

Cell signaling

Intracrine

Cell Signaling

Juxtracrine

Cell signaling

autocrine

Sum of all chemical reactions

Anabolic: buildup

Catabolic: breakdown

converting food into usuable form energy

i.e. carbohydrates, fat, protein

Laws of thermodynamics

2 laws

1. Energy cannot be creatednor destroyed (can be converted)

2. Lose energy when converted numerous times

Endergonic Reactions

require energy to be added to reaction before it proceeds

(endothermic)

energy is released during reaction

(exothermic)

Exergonic reactions give energy to endothermic so it can proceed

always coupled reaction

involves transfer of H+ atoms

Oxidation: accepts electron

Reduction: donates electron

proteins

regulate speed of reactions

lower amt. needed for activation

1 gram=4kcal

glucose (blood sugar)

glycogen- stored material of glucose (liver muscle)

Glycogenolysis- breakdown of glycogen to glucose

1 gram= 9kcal

fatty acids (used in muscle)

Triglyccerides

1 gram= 4kcal

made up of amino acids (9essential total)

gluconeogenesis= formation of new glucose

High energy phosphates (atp and pc)

Glycolysis (substrate phosphorylation)

ATP (7-12kcal/mol)- very quick about 6 sec

Phosphocreatine- 6to10 sec.

glycolysis- net 2-3 atp molecules

Krebs cycle (aerobic) 

Electron transport chain

Lipid metabolism

regulate rate of metabolic pathway by means of:

levels of ATP and ADP

levels of calcium

creatinekinase:inhibitor=ATP

phophofructokinase: inhibitor =ATP and CP

Isocitratedehydrogenase: inhibitor= ATP, NADH

Cytochrome oxidase: ATP

Phosphorylase

ATP production increases immediately

Oxygen uptake increases rapidly

Reaches steady state (1-4 min)

Next ATP requirement met through aerobic ATP production

oxygen uptake remains elevated above rest into recovery (several minutes)

Repayment for oxygen deficit at onset of exercise

Excess post exercise oxygen consumption

(EPOC)

70% oxidized

20% glucose

10% amino acids

Lactic acid removed ore quickly through light exercise (30-40%)

physiological ceiling for delivery of oxygen to muscle

affected by: genes and training

Max ability of cardiorespiratory system to get oxygen to muscles

Ability of muscles to use oxygen and make ATP aerobically

the point at which blood lactic acid rises systematically during incremental exercise

(50-60% untrianed ppl)

(65-80% trained ppl)

Low intensity=fats primarily

high intensity= carbohydrates primarily

Muscle glycogen: primary source and supply last for about an hour

Blood glucose: primary source during low intensity work, from liver

Intramuscular triglycerides: primary source during high intensity

Plasma FFA: from adipose tissue lipolysis

primary source during low intensity

Can be used as a fuel source by skeletal muscle and heart

converted to acetyl-coA in the krebs cycle

hormone binds to receptor protein

alters DNA--> synthesize mRNA

prolactin

Luteinizing hormone

growth hormone

thyroid stimulation hormone

follicle stimulating hormone

etc.

tool or equipment to measure work output

bench press, cycle,treadmill etc.

Exercise work rate: efficiency decreases as work rate increases

Speed of movement

muscle fiber type

600 skeletal muscles

40-50%of body weight

growth and repair help

under sarcolemma

divide and increase the number of nuclei in a muscle cell

stay in their specific area

Calcium opens up binding site in troponin

Myosin heads attaches to the troponin binding site

Power stroke occurs: contracting muscle by movement of actin over myosin

Shortening of the muscle and Z lines move closer together

spastic involuntary muscle contractions

may be due to dehydration or electrolyte depletion

darkest stained fiber

slow twith

slow oxidative

resistant to fatigue

ex: postural muscles

Fast twitch

fast glycolytic

low aerobic capacity

low oxidative capacity

not resistant to fatigue

intermediate fibers

fast oxidative glycolytic

most adaptable to training

nonathletes - 50/50 slow to fast ratio

Power athletes (sprinters)- morre fast twitch 

Distance runners- more slow twitch fibers

control of internal environments

voluntary control of movement

programming spinal cord reflexes

Assimilation of experiences necessary for memory and learning

Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system: All neurons outside the CNS divided into 

Sensory and Motor

The diffusion of Na+ out of a cell and K+ in to the cell

(2 in/3 out)

Causes charge of membrane to change

Strong stimulus attacks the cell membrane causing Na+ channels to open.

Na+ rushes into cell (inside cell now +)... depolarization

Repolarization occurs when K+ leaves the cell and then the Na+ channels close

Returns cell to resting state

All or none effect

Causes depolarization

Temporal summation

Spatial summation

Receptors that provide CNS with information on the body's position

located in joints and muscles

Concious recognition of body movement

limb movement rates

free nerve endings

pascinian corpuscles

golgi type receptors

Muscle spindles

Golgi tendon organs