Term
| When one exercises, ATP production increases as intensity increases at a linear rate but at a certain point ATP production plateaus. Does this mean one is at max intensity? Why or why not? |
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Definition
No.
ATP production maxes out but intensity does not. This may indicate that the body has become more efficient in the exercise, ie. better form or technique. |
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Term
| As one begins to exercise, the demand for ATP is instantaneous. Explain how the body is able to provide for this deman immediately, then how it is able to maintain ATP production as the body continues to exercise. |
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Definition
| There is a reserve of ATP in each cell (1 billion). Then the body must continue to make ATP by ATP-CP, Glycolysis, and Aerobic Respiration. |
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Term
| What happens if one cannot meet the demand for ATP? |
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Definition
| The body will get fatigued and intensity must decrease in order to make the demand. |
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Term
| Which ATP production pathway provides ATP at the onset of physical activity? Does this require oxygen to make ATP? |
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Definition
Anaerobic
ATP-CP and Glycolysis
They do not require oxygen. |
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Term
| Why is Aerobic Respiration always the last ATP producing pathway the last to respond? |
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Definition
Because the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain requires products from Glycolysis to work.
Krebs - Pyruvate.
ETC - NADH+H+ |
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Term
| What does knowing how ATP producing pathways mean for sports and athletic training? Give an example. |
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Definition
| If you know what pathways are needed for a sport, you know what pathways to train. For example, a soccer player will use 70% anaerobic (sprinting) and 30% aerobic (recovery time). |
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Term
| Where does ATP-CP take place? |
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Definition
| The cytoplasm of the cell. |
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Term
| What are the products of Glycolysis? |
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Definition
2 NADH+H+
2 ATP
2 Pyruvates |
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Term
| What is needed for Glycolysis to continue and why? |
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Definition
NAD
It is needed to pick up H+ to transport to the ETC. |
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Term
Where do the products of Glycolysis go?
What is needed to ensure the products go on and what happens if it is not present? |
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Definition
Pyruvate goes to the Krebs Cycle.
NADH+H+ goes to the ETC.
Oxygen is needed for these products to go on. If there is no oxygen, the pyruvate and H+ from the NADH+H+ will mix to make lactic acid. |
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Term
What are the products of the Krebs Cycle (two turns including the Intermediate Step)?
Where do the products go? |
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Definition
6 NADH+H+
2 NADH+H+ (from the Intermediate Step)
2 FADH2
2 ATP
All NADH+H+ and FADH2 go to the ETC. |
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Term
| What is an enzyme and how does it work? |
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Definition
| A protein that functions as a catalyst to modify or release products. An enzyme will combine with its specific substrate to bend or break the bond. |
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Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme (RLE)? |
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Definition
| The slowest acting enzyme in a series of reactions. It determines the speed of the pathway. |
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Term
| What speeds up the RLE in ATP production? |
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Definition
| The rise of ADP levels, or decrease in ATP levels. |
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Term
| What slows down the RLE in ATP production? |
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Definition
| The rise of ATP levels, or decrease in ADP levels. |
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Term
| What does training the anaerobic pathway to do the ATP-CP sysetm? |
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Definition
| Muscle cells will store more ATP and CP, increasing their ability to utilize this ATP producing system. |
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Term
| What is the lactate threshold for the average untrained individual? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the lactate threshold? |
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Definition
| The point where lactate starts to build up at a faster rate. |
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Term
| What does the liver have to do with the lactate concentration? |
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Definition
| The liver is involved in lactate removal. There must be a balance between lactate production and lactate removal. When lactate production is higher than lactate removal, the lactate threshold will be reached. |
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Term
| What happens to the lactate that diffuses out of the muscles? |
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Definition
| Diffuses into the bloodstread to be picked up by the liver, heart, kidney's and other muscle cells then used to make ATP out of it. It is converted into pyruvic acid and/or glucose. |
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Term
| What are the four reasons for lactate threshold? |
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Definition
Lack of oxygen.
Hydrogen shuttle: NADH+H+ Ratio
Use of fast twitch fibers.
Decreased rate of lactate removal. |
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Term
| Explain how the lactate threshold is affected by a lack of oxygen and how it improves in a trained individual. |
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Definition
| The lack of oxygen during exercise is due to not being able to use the oxygen being taken in efficiently. The trained individual will be able to make more mitochondria, and therefore will be able to use the oxygen more efficiently. |
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Term
| Explain how the lactate threshold is affected by the hydrogen shuttle and how it improves in a trained individual. |
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Definition
| NADH+H+ requires a hydrogen shuttle to drop off H+ to the ETC. When glycolysis is producing NADH+H+ at a fast rate, the hydrogen shuttle may not be able to keep up, forcing NADH+H+ to give its H+ to pyruvic acid, forming lactic acid. In the trained individual, the number of mitochondria increases as well as the speed of the hydrogen shuttle. |
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Term
| Explain how the lactate threshold is affected by fast twitch fibers and how it improves in a trained individual. |
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Definition
| Fast twitch fibers have a form of enzyme, muscle specific Lactate Dehydronenase (mLDH) that promotes the production of lactic acid. The trained individual will be able to increase heart specific Lactate Dehydronenase (hLDH), which seperates the pyruvate and H+ from lactic acid. |
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Term
| Explain how the lactate threshold is affected by reduced lactate removal and how it improves in a trained individual. |
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Definition
| During exercise there may be an increase in lactic acid production and a decrease in its removal by the liver. Trained individuals are able to make more ATP with a given amount of blood flow than untrained individuals, which means that they don't require as much blood flow to the working muscles and more blood is able to flow to the liver to help clear out lactic acid. |
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Term
| What are the three reasons lactic acid is so detrimental? |
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Definition
It causes pain.
It inhibits ATP production. (Inhibits RLE enzyme.)
Attaches to myosin binding site on actin. (Interferes with muscle contraction.) |
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Term
| What is the main benefit of more mitochondria and what three good things come from that? |
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Definition
| More mitochondira means less lactic acid created. Because of this, oxygen use is more efficient, you are able to use fat as fuel more, and there is an increased chance that H+ will enter the ETC. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Type I fibers? Size, force, colour, mitochondria content, speed, metabolism, rate of fatigue. |
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Definition
| Small. Low force. Red. Mitochondria content high. Slow. Oxadative. Fatigue resistant. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Type IIa fibers? Size, force, colour, mitochondria content, speed, and metabolism. |
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Definition
| Large. Force med-high. Red. Mitochondria content medium. Fast. Oxidative/glycolitic. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Type IIb fibers? Size, force, colour, mitochondria content, speed, metabolism, rate of fatigue. |
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Definition
| Large-XL. Force high. White. Mitochondria content low. Very fast. Glycolitic. Fatigues quickly. |
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Term
| What are the two types for mitochondria? |
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Definition
Subsarcolemmal Mitochondria: 20% volume. Primarily for membrane functions. In endurance training it is the first to respond and first to go down when training ends.
Intermyofibrillar Mitochondria: 80% volume. Create ATP for muscle contraction. |
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Term
| What is the term for creating new mitochondria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two ways lactic acid returns to basal levels and how long does it take? What helps this happen faster? |
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Definition
Approx 1 hour after exercise ends:
Liver, heart, kidney and muscle cells convert lactic acid to pyruvic acid for ATP production (~70%).
Lactic acid is transported to the liver and converted to glycogen (~20%).
Active recovery helps this happen faster. |
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Term
| What are three anaerobic training adaptations? |
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Definition
Increased lactate threshold.
Increased speed and amount of PFK (RLE for glycolysis).
Increased glycogen storeage in muscle. |
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Term
| How does active recovery help return lactic acid to basal levels faster? |
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Definition
| During active recovery, cardiac output is slightly elevated. The increased blood flow helps transport any lactic acid that was created to various cells around the body (liver, kidneys, muscle cells, etc). |
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Term
| What is VO2 max and what is the formula? |
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Definition
VO2 max is the volume of oxygen one is able to deliver and use to make ATP per minute.
VO2 max (l/min) = Q x (a-VO2 difference) |
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Term
| Explain why the consumption of oxygen reflects the combined efforts of the respiratory cardiovascular and muscular systems. |
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Definition
To use oxygen to make ATP we must:
Bring air to the lungs and transfer oxygen to the blood (respiratory).
Pump oxygenated bood around the body (cardiovascular).
Then deliver the oxygen to the muslce for ATP production (muscular). |
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Term
| What is a-VO2 difference? |
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Definition
| Arteriovenous oxygen difference. It is the difference in the amount of oxygen in arterial blood (leaving the heart) compared to the amount of oxygen in venous blood (coming back to the heart) -- the amount of oxygen from the blood being used by the tissues. |
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Term
| What is stroke volume, what is the average resting SV and what are three factors that affect it? |
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Definition
| It is the amount of blood ejected from the hear per beat. The average is 70 ml/beat. Preload, Contractility, and Afterload are the factors that affect it. |
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Term
| What is preload and what affects it? |
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Definition
| Preload is the amount that the ventricles are stretched by the blood inside them. It stores energy. The higher the preload, the higher the stroke volume. It is affected by venous return. |
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Term
| What are the diffences between maximal and submaximal VO2 max tests? |
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Definition
Maximal: Intensity increases every 2-3 minutes. Oxygen increases as intensity increases so VO2 max is reached when oxygen no longer increases.
Submaximal: Must achieve a certain amount of intensity, which then becomes constant. |
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Term
| What is the double product? |
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Definition
| It represents the stress on the heart (how much stress the heart is taking). It is calculated by HRxSBP. |
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Term
| What does cardiac output represent and measured by? |
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Definition
Cardiac output represents the amount of blood pumped from the heart in one minute.
Q=HRxSV It is measured by the blood flow requirement to perform exercise at any given intensity. |
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Term
| What does the sympathetic nervous system affect? |
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Definition
| SA node, AV node and the ventricular myocardium. |
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Term
| What is contactility and what are its effects during exercise? |
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Definition
| This refers to how forcefully the heart muscle contracts. The heart beats harder with more force with exercise. The sympathetic nervous system sends a signal directly to the ventricular myocardium. It is one factor affecting stroke volume. |
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Term
| What is afterload and what are its effects during exercise? |
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Definition
| This refers to the pressure in the SL valves that the heart must overcome in order to eject blood (pressure the heart must push against). During exercise, afterload pressure decreases. |
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Term
| Why does max HR decrease as you age? |
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Definition
Elasticity decreases over time.
Depolarization of the heart isn't as effective.
Disfunctional mitochondria accumulates. |
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Term
| How does the sympathetic nervous system indirectly affect stroke volume? |
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Definition
| The sympathetic nervous system sends a signal to the SA node, increasing HR, as well as the ventricular myocardium, increasing contractility, therefore increasing stroke volume. |
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Term
| What increases venous return? |
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Definition
| The muscular and respiratory pump. |
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Term
| Why does systolic blood pressure increase during exercise while diastolic does not? |
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Definition
Systolic BP (pressure on arterial walls during contraction) increases because there is an increase in stroke volume.
Diastolic BP (pressure on arterial walls during relaxation) does not increase beause there is a decrease in the resistance caused by an increase in vasodilation. |
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Term
| What are two factors that blood pressure is affected by? |
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Definition
| Amount of blood coming from the heart (stroke volume) and vessel diameter. |
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Term
| What is the normal at rest a-VO2 difference and why does it increase as exercise intensity increases? |
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Definition
| At rest the arterial blood has about 20ml of O2 for every 100ml. The body only needs to take about 5ml of that 20ml. During exercise the muscle needs to take up more O2 to make more ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissues controlling the amount of blood flow they recieve based on their needs. |
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Term
| How does vasodilation affect resistance? |
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Definition
| Vasodilation occurs in the vessels that serve working muscles. When vasodilation occurs, resistance decreases. |
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Term
| Why does the double product increase during exercise? (Formula) |
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Definition
DP=SBPxHR
It increases because systolic BP and HR increases during exercise. |
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Term
| What factor makes the diffenrence between a high VO2 max in the trained individual and a low VO2 max in the untrained individual and why? |
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Definition
| Stroke volume. There is an increased volume of blood in the heart per beat, which means there is more oxygen going to the muscles to make ATP. |
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Term
| Make the connection of training increasine the blood volume to increasing stroke volume. |
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Definition
| Increased blood volume make the muscular and respiratory pump work harder, which makes venous return increase, which increases preload and therefore increases stroke volume. |
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Term
| What is the difference between the good and bad left ventricular hypertrophy? |
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Definition
Good: The walls of the ventricles get thicker but the lumin (space inside the ventricles) stays the same size. This occurs with training.
Bad: The walls of the ventricles get thicker and the lumin gets smaller. This occurs with obesity and lack of activity. For obesity, the adipose tissure requires blood, therefore the heart works harder. |
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Term
| Why are the tissues in the trained individual able to take more oxygen from the arteriol blood? |
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Definition
| The trained individual has more mitochondria and more capillaries. |
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Term
| What is angiogenesis and how does it work? |
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Definition
The growth of new capillaries.
Blood flow is increased so the capillaries stretch. New capillaries will be created from one stretched to another. |
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Term
| How does more mitochondria and capillaries help to increase the a-VO2 difference? |
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Definition
| Mitochondria needs more oxygen and will take the oxygen it needs. More capillaries means oxygen delivery is closer. |
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Term
| How does more mitochondria help someone to have a higher VO2 max? |
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Definition
| In exercise, someone with more mitochondria will rely more on oxidative phosphorylation. This means less depletion in CP stores and less lactic acid being produced. The mitochondria can work at a lower rate, resulting in more room for a higher intensity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cardiovascular Drift is the decline in CV factors (SV) in moderate intensity exercise with no apparent reason. |
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Term
| What is the HR theory for CV drift? |
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Definition
| This theory explains that the heart at a high HR is not getting enough fill time before contracting, resulting in little blood flow, therefore not getting enough preload. |
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