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Exercise Phys
Exam 2- Chapter 9
39
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
10/27/2013
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Term
  1. How does the cardiovascular system change and adapt to increase performance and/or improve VO2 max?
 Definition
  1. VO2 max depends on SV, (a-VO2 diff), HR max. Since HRmax is dependent only on age, increases in SV and (a-VO2 diff) can lead to an increase in VO2 max.
Term
  1. What are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?
 Definition
  1. The CV system is responsible for the delivery of oxygenated blood and nutrients to tissues in accordance with their needs.
Term
  1. How is cardiac muscle similar to skeletal muscle?
  2. How is cardiac muscle different than skeletal muscle?
 Definition
  1. Cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle are both striated, contain actin and mysoin, require Ca, use the sliding filament model, and contraction force depends on amount of stretch.
  2. Cardiac muscle fibers are shorter and branched whereas skeletal muscle fibers are elongated and do not branch. Skeletal muscle contraction is voluntary and cardiac muscle contraction is involuntary. In cardiac muscle, fibers are connected via intercalated discs.
Term
  1. What are the layers of myocardium?
  2. What are intercalated discs?
 Definition
  1. Epicardium- outermost layer, myocardium- middle, and endocardium- inner most layer of muscle.
  2. Intercalated discs are leaky membranes that allow ions to cross from one fiber to another. Heart muscle fibers are connected by intercalated discs.
Term
  1. What are the two components of blood pressure?
  2. How are these components influenced by exercise?
  3. What does an increase or decrease in diastolic blood pressure during exercise indicated?
 Definition
  1. The two components of blood pressure are the systolic/contraction phase and the diastolic/relaxation phase.
  2. Increases in HR are achieved primarily thorugh a decrease in the time spent in diastole.
  3. It indicates the need to stop or reduce exercise.
Term
  1. What is systolic pressure?
  2. What is diastolic pressure?
  3. What is normal blood pressure?
  4. What is hypertension?
 Definition
  1. Systolic pressure is the pressure generated as blood is ejected from the heart ventricular contraction.
  2. Diastole is arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation.
  3. 120/80
  4. 140/90
Term
  1. What is the pacemaker of the heart?
  2. Describe the path of electrical impulses within the heart.
 Definition
  1.  The SA node in the R atrium.
  2. APs start and travel from the SA node across of the wall of the R atrium to the AV node. APs then pass through the AV node through AV bundle into interventricular septum. AV bundles divides into R and L bundles that descend to the apex of the ventricles. APs are carried from the bundles into the Perkinje fibers to the ventricular walls.
Term
  1. Describe what an ECG looks like.
  2. When are the sounds of the heart heard?
 Definition
  1. P wave represents atria depolarization, when  the wave is complete depolarisation is complete. Q-R represents ventricular depolarization. R-S represents when ventricular depolarization is complete and T is ventricular repolarization.
  2.  R-S depolarization is the point at which the first heart noise is heard. It is the closing of the atrioventricular valves because of pressure in the ventricles due to atria contraction. (Tricuspid and bicuspid valves close) T is where the second heart noise is heard.
Term
  1. What factors influence blood pressure?
  2. How is blood pressure regulated short term and long term?
 Definition
  1. Blood volume, HR, SV, blood visocisty, and peripheral resistance.
  2. Short term blood pressure regulation is controlled by sympathetic nervous system. Long term blood pressure is controlled by the kidneys.
Term
  1. What is cardiac output?
  2. What is cardiac output a product of? (equation)
  3. Which of the two variables in the cardiac output equation change with training?
 Definition
  1. It is the amount blood pumped by the heart each minute. (l/min)
  2. Q (l/min) = HR (bpm) x SV (ml/beat)
  3. Stroke volume changes, HR max is only dependent on age.
Term
  1. Heart rate is under the influence of both the _____ and ____ nervous systems.
  2. What do these systems act on?
  3. Which nervous system slows heart rate?
  4. Which system speeds up the heart rate?
 Definition
  1. Parasympathetic and sympathetic
  2. They act on the SA node which controlls the passing of APs.
  3. Parasympathetic
  4. Sympathetic
Term
  1. The parasympathetic uses what neurotransmitter?
  2. What does the sympathetic use?
 Definition
  1. Ach
  2. NE, E
Term
1. What other factors influence HR?
 Definition
  • Blood pressure, temperature, right atrial pressure, medications
  • Age- increase HR
  • Gender- Males have higher HRs
  • Posture- Standing=increased HR
  • Ingestion of food- decreased BP and HR
  • Smoking- Increase HR
  • Emotion- increase
  • Heat and humidity- increase
Term
  1. What is end-diastolic volume and what is it also known as?
  2. What is the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart?
  3. End-diastolic volume is a result of _____.
 Definition
  1. End diastolic volume is the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole and it is known as the "preload"
  2. More filling results in stretch of ventricles and a more forceful contraction
  3. Venous return.
Term
  1. During exercise what happens to increase venous return?
 Definition
  • venoconstriction due to effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
  • skeletal muscle pump
  • respiratory pump- not breathing during lifts will decrease abdominal pressure that is used to return blood to the heart
Term
  1. What 3 factors regulate stroke volume?
 Definition
  1. End diastolic volume, average aortic blood pressure, and strength of ventricular contraction
Term
  1. How does average aortic blood pressure regulate stroke volume?
  2. Contractility increases during exercise due to direct nerve stimulation to heart and what hormones
 Definition
  1. An increase in aortic blood pressure causes a decrease in stroke volume
  2. E and NE
Term
  1. Why is blood important?
  2. What are the two components of blood?
 Definition
  1. Blood carries oxygen!
  2. Hematocrit and plasma
Term
  1. What is hematocrit?
  2. What percentage of our blood is hematocrit?
 Definition
  1. Percent of blood that is composed of cells
  2. 42%
Term
  1. Can we change the content of our blood?
  2. What are the effects of exercise training on blood?
 Definition
  1. Not really, it is dependend upon genetics and altitude
  2. Endurance training increases plama volume so blood is thinner, moves faster, and fills the heart fuller (EDV). Increased EDV increases stroke volume.
Term
  1. Blood flow depends on ____ and _____.
  2. What is the equation for blood flow?
 Definition
  1. Blood flow depends on resistance and changes in pressure.
  2. Blood flow= Change in pressure/ Resistance
Term
  1. Resistance is affected most by _________.
  2. What is the equation for resistance?
 Definition
  1. Radius is the strongest determinate of blood flow. Usually blood flow is increased by a decrease in resistance.
  2. Resistance= (Length x Viscosity) / Radius4
Term
  1. What changes the diamerter of the vessel most?
 Definition
  1. Plaque buildup in the arteries.
Term
  1. How does blood flow redistribute during exercise?
 Definition
  • Vasocontstriction creates increased pressure and occurs in areas needing less blood flow such as splanchnic blood flow
  • Vasodilation decreases pressure and increases blood flow to area
Term
  1. What influence does emotion have on the cardiovascular system?
  2. How long does it take for the cardiovascular response from rest to exercise to plateau?
 Definition
  1. Submaximal exercise in an emotionally charged environment leads to increased HR and BP.
  2. If the work rate is constant and below the lactate threshold, a steady-state plateau in HR, SV, and Q is reached within 2-3 minutes.
Term
  1. What is double product?
  2. What is the practical application of double product (rate pressure product)?
 Definition
  1. Double product = HR x SBP, increases in exercise intensity result in an elevation in HR and SBP; each of these factors increase the workload placed on the heart
  2. Double product can be used as a guideline to prescrive exercise for patients with coronary artery blockage
Term
  1. Is HR and BP higher during leg or arm exercise?
 Definition
  1. HR and BP increase more with arm workouts because there is a greater sympathetic outflow to the heart during arm work.
Term
  1. The increase in HR during prolonged exercise is called _____________.
  2. What is it?
  3. What is it caused by?
 Definition
  1. Cardiovascular drift
  2. Increase in HR and decrease in SV during prolonged exercise
  3. Due to the influence of rising body temperature on dehydrationand a reduction in plasma volume. Reduced plasma volume leads to reduce venous return to the heart, decreasing SV.
Term
  1. Is exercising at hight heart rates a risk?
 Definition
  1. It usually does not pose a risk for health individuals. It may be risk for people with heart arrhytmias, coronary heart disease, and cardiomyopathy.
Term
  1. How does exercise change the structure and function of the heart?
  2. Which is better in relieving leg pain, exercise or surgery?
 Definition
  1. Left and Right ventricles expand due to endurance training. Left ventricle thickened due to resistance training as well as a decreased time spend in diastole.
  2. Overall, no difference between surgery or exercise in relieving leg pain long term.
Term
  1. Can you supplement to increase blood flow and muscle strength.
  2. What is better for cardiovascular disease treatment, sprinting or marathon running?
 Definition
  1. No, aakg doesn't not cause significant improvement.
  2. Both groups demonstrated increased cardiovascular disease resistance factors. Sprinting yielded benefits in less amount of time.
Term
  1. After what length of time do you increase your chances for experiencing a heart attack?
 Definition
  1. Exercise lasting longer than 3 hours
Term
  1. What is hypertrophic myopathy?
 Definition
  1. Hypertrophic myopathy is the thickening of the heart muscle, specifically the left ventricle.
Term
  1. Should resistance training be recommended for health?
  2. Why or why not?
 Definition
  1. Yes
  2. It helps bones, musculoskeletal, balance, diabetes, even though it appears the benefits are less than that provided by endurance training.
Term
  1. What receptors are responsible for fine tuning?
  2. Where are the different receptors located?
 Definition
  1. barorecptors, mechanoreceptors, and chemoreceptors
  2. Baroreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries. Mechanorecptors and chemorecptors are located in the skeletal muscles.
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