1. increase consumption of O2.
2. increase production of CO2.
3. maintained mean arterial pressure of both O2 and CO2.
4. moderate-arterial pH maintain, strenuous-arterial pH lowered.
5. ventilation increase
6. venous PCO2 increase.
7. alveolar deadspace decrease.
8. curve to the right.
9. pulmonary blood flow increase.

why ventilation increase during exercise?

1. adrenaline released.
2. motor cortex stimulate resp centre.
3. movements of limbs stimulate joint receptors

that increase ventilation.
4. central control of PCO2 is set to a lower value and held constant.
5. CO2 loads in venous return.

exercise > pulmonary blood flow increase > decrease time spent by RBC in capillaries by 1/3 from normal. > less oxygenation can happen > hypoxemia.

-increase body temp.
-increase CO2
-decrease pH

-it's the change to suit the climate.

-compensatory measures that permit adequate oxygenation of tissues and restoration of normal acid-base balance over period of days.

when PO2 less than 60 mmHg, > stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors > medullary inspiratory centre > increase ventilation.

increase synthesis of RBC

-hypoxemia stimulate synthesis of erythropeietin in kidney > lead to RBC synthesis in bone marrow. >increase [Hb] > increase O2 in blood.

-hyperventilate
-polycynthemia
-2,3-DPG production
-pulmonary vasoconstriction
-increase capillaries

hypoxia > stimulate pulm vasoconst > increase pulmonary pressure > RV hypertrophy to overcome arterial pressure.

-nitrogen narcosis
-decompression

-sudden ascend to the surface

-N2 quickly come out of the solution n form bubbles in the body. (no time to reach the lung n expired).

-large bubbles in the body cause pain in joints.

-neurological impairment: to senses.