Term
| Indicate two major areas where the spinal cord is enlarged and explain the reason for the enlargements |
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Definition
Cervical Enlargement - gives rise to nerves of the upper limbs
Lumbar Enlargement - gives rise to nerves of pelvic region and lower limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebra, where it terminates in the cone-shaped. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collection spinal nerves transverse inerior end of vertebral canal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibrous extension of the pia matter, extends even farther to attach to posterior coccyx |
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Term
| List two major functions of the spinal cord |
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Definition
| Conducts sensory information from the peripheral nervous system (both somatic and autonomic) to the brain. Conducts motor information from the brain to our various effectors. |
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Term
| Name the meningeal covering of the spinal cord and to state their functions |
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Definition
| Dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater |
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Term
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Definition
| Protect the spinal cord and the thickest and toughest collagenous memebrante, the outter most layer |
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Term
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Definition
| Protect the spinal cord and the middle layer. Gap between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater called subarachnoid space filled with cerebrospinal fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protect the spinal cord. It is the inner most layer that is the most delicate. Regular intervals along the cord, extend of the pia matter called denticulate ligaments and extned through arachnoid to the dura, anchoring the cord and limiting side-to-side movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| The dorsal rami is smaller serve the skin and musculature of the posterior body trun at their approximate level of emergence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spinal nerves T2-T12 pass anteriorly as the intercostal nerves to supply the muscles of intercostal spaces, and the skin and muscles of the anterior and lateral trunk. All other spinal nerves form complex networkds of nerves called plexuses |
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Term
| Identify the four major nerve plexes, the major nerves of each, and their distribution |
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Definition
| Cervical Plexus, Brachial Plexus, Lumbar Plexus, Sacral Plexus |
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Term
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Definition
| Arises from the ventral rami of C1-C5 to supply muscles of the shoulder and neck. Major motor branch is the phrenic nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| Large and complex arising from ventral rami of C5-C8 and T1. The plexus after being rearranged consecutibely into trunks, divisions, and cords, finally becomes subdivided into five major peripheral nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| Arises from ventral rami of L1-L4 and sometime T12. Nerves serve the lower abominopelvic region and the anterior thigh. Largest nerve of this plexus is the femoral nerve and innervate anterior thigh muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Arising from L4-S4 nerves supply the buttock, posterior surface of the thigh and virtually all sensory and motor fibers of the leg and foot. Major peripheral nerve of this plexus is the sciatic nerve, largest in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| houses and protects the spinal cord - formed by vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
| continuation of brain stem; it is the association and communication center of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| termination point of spinal cord; usually between L1 and L2 |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrous extension of Pia Mater; goes from S2 to posterior coccyx |
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Term
| Level of the origin of spinal cord |
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Definition
| brain stem in foramen magnum |
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Term
| Level of the termination of spinal |
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Definition
| L1 to L2 - terminates at conus medullaris |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain stem to L1 or just beyond |
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Term
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Definition
| saw-toothed shelves of pia mater, secure spinal cord to bony wall of the vertebral column all along its length |
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Term
| List Meninges and Associated Spaces |
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Definition
Meninges: dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater
Spaces: epidural space, subdural space, subarachnoid space |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 fibrous CT membranes enclosing spinal cord and brain |
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Term
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Definition
| clear colorless liquid produced by ependymal cells, the CSF occupies the space between the |
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Term
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Definition
| forms loose fitting sleeve (dural sheath) around the spinal cord - outermost layer of meninges, tough and collagenous |
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Term
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Definition
| middle of 3 meninges, simple squamous epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| innermost of 3 meninges, delicate transparent membrane that closely follows contours of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| space between the dura mater and vertebral bones; occupied by blood vessels, adipose tissue, and loose CT. |
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Term
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Definition
| the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid (technically this is a potential space, because in healthy people there is no space here) |
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Term
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Definition
| gap between the arachnoid layer and the pia mater. |
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Term
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Definition
| 8 cervical (C1-C8); 12 Thoracic (T1-T12); 5 Lumbar (T1-T5); 5 Sacral (S1-S5); 1 Coccygeal (Co1) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 of 2 areas of the spinal cord that is thicker than elsewhere - gives rise to the nerves of the upper limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 of 2 spinal cord enlargements - gives rise to the nerves of the pelvic region and lower limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| collection of spinal nerves arising from the medullary cone and lumbar enlargement - occupies vertebral canal from L2 - S5 (below end of spinal cord) - innervates the pelvic organs and lower limbs |
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Term
| Note the location where a lumbar (spinal) tap would be made |
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Definition
| just below L3 (according to lab manual) - CSF sample taken - done at this level because spinal cord does not extend this far down. |
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Term
| Note the location where a saddle block/epidural would be made |
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Definition
| L3 - L5 because spinal cord does not extend this far down - anesthetic introduced into epidural space |
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Term
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Definition
| central core of spinal cord that looks somewhat like a butterfly; spinal nerve branches into 2 roots - anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) |
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Term
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Definition
| dull color because contains little myelin; contains the somas, dendrites and proximal parts of the axons (unmyelinated) of neurons. It is the site of all neural integration in the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 dorsal projections of gray matter; contain somatic and visceral sensory nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 ventral projections of gray matter; contain somatic motor nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| only present in thoracic and lumbar regions; contain visceral motor nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| thin central area of gray matter connecting the 2 vertical regions |
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Term
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Definition
| central canal of spinal cord - contains CSF - surrounded by gray commissure |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory fibers from body periphery enter the spinal cord from dorsal root (afferent=sensory) Spinal nerve --> Dorsal & Ventral Roots --> Dorsal goes to dorsal horn of gray matter. |
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Term
| Dorsal (posterior) root ganglion |
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Definition
| enlarged area of dorsal root |
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Term
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Definition
| contains axons that issue from the ventral horns; axons enter ventral root and then enter spinal nerve. Mostly somatic or voluntary system. (efferent = motor) |
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Term
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Definition
| formed by fusion of dorsal and ventral roots |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds the gray metter and consists of bundles of myelinated axons that course up and down the cord and provide avenues of communication between different levels of CNS. |
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Term
| anterior/ventral median fissure |
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Definition
| more open fissure, ventrally located |
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Term
| posterior/dorsal median sulcus |
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Definition
| dorsal fissure - more shallow than ventral |
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Term
| posterior/dorsal medial septum |
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Definition
| partitions posterior spinal cord into right and left halves - goes from posterior median sulcus to grey commissure |
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Term
| Posterior/dorsal funiculus |
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Definition
| dorsal sloumn of white matter |
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Term
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Definition
| lateral column of white matter |
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Term
| Anterior/ventral funiculus |
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Definition
| anterior column of white matter |
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of axons located in funiculi in CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve that contains both sensory and motor fibers - all spinal nerves are mixed nerves |
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Term
| Cervical nerves (C1-C8)-named for the vertebrae inferior to the nerve (except C8) |
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Definition
| 8 pairs of cervical nerves - emerge above corresponding vertebra (except C8); C1 emerges from between skull and atlas - all others through intervertebral foramina |
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Term
| Thoracic nerves (T1-T12)- these are named for the vertebrae superior to the nerve |
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Definition
| 12 pairs - emerge below corresponding vertebra |
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Term
| Lumbar nerves (L1-L5)- these are named for the vertebrae superior to the nerve |
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Definition
| 5 pairs - emerge below corresponding vertebra, i.e. - nerve L3 emerges below L3 |
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Term
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Definition
| 5 pairs - emerge below vertebra |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 pair of nerves - emerge below vertebra |
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Term
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Definition
| branching point - spinal nerve branches into dorsal and ventral rami - the smaller dorsal rami serve the skin and musculature of the posterior body trunk at their approximate level of emergence. |
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Term
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Definition
| branching point - spinal nerve branches into dorsal and ventral rami - some ventral rami give off branches to sympathetic ganglion; other ventral rami mix and match to make up plexuses |
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Term
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Definition
| Arises from the ventral rami of C1-C5 to supply muscles of the shoulder and neck. Major motor branch is the phrenic nerve |
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Term
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Definition
Roots: C3-C5
Structures: sole motor nerve supply of diaphragm; susceptible to being severed when neck is broken - diaphragm stops working -> death |
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Term
| Brachial plexus (C5-T1) (list nerves we need to know) |
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Definition
| axillary, musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, radial, dorsal scapular |
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Term
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Definition
| (C5, C6) motor to deltoid and teres minor muscles; sensory to skin of shoulder |
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Term
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Definition
| (C5-T1) motor to the flexor muscles of the arm (biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis); sensory to lateral surface of forearm |
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Term
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Definition
| (C6-T1) travels through the carpel tunnel of the wrist; motor to the flexor muscles on the radial side of forearm; sensory to anterolateral surface of the hand, posterior fingers 1&2, lateral-posterior finger 3 |
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Term
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Definition
| (C8-T1) motor to flexor muscles in anterior forearm (i.e. Flexor carpi ulnaris); sensory to the medial surface of the hand (anatomical position - half of digit 4 and all of digit 5) |
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Term
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Definition
| (C5-T1) motor to muscles of posterior arm, forearm, and hand (most arm muscles); sensory to posterior-lateral side of hand but not fingers |
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Term
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Definition
| (branches of C5 rami) motor to rhomboid muscles and levator scauplae (no sensory listed) |
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Term
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Definition
| L1-L4 and has 2 major nerves: the femoral nerve and the obturator nerver |
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Term
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Definition
| L2-L4 Motor to quadriceps group, pectineus and Iliopsoas mucles, sensory anterior-medial thigh and medial surface of leg and foot. Injury to this nerve causes inability to extend leg & loss of sensation in thigh |
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Term
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Definition
| L2-L4 Motor to adductors of hip. Sensory to medial surface of thigh. Injury to this nerve casues paralysis of thigh adductors |
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Term
| Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve |
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Definition
| L2, L3 skin of lateral thigh; some sensory branches to peritoneum |
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Term
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Definition
| L1 Skin of external genitalia and proximal medial aspect of the thigh; inferior abdominal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| L1, L2 Skin of scrotum in males, of labia majora in females, and of anterior thigh inferior to middle portion of inguinal region; cremaster muscle in males |
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Term
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Definition
| L4-S4 and serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures and ther perineum. The major nerves are the sciatic nerve and the pudendal nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| L4-S3 branches behind the knee. The common fibular nerver and the tibial nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| L4-S3 Posterior muscles of the leg. Injury produces dorsiflexion and eversion with loss of sensation on plantar surface of foot |
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Term
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Definition
| L4-S2 Lateral and anterior muscles of the leg. Injury produces foot drop (inability to dorsiflex foot) or numbness on dorsum of foot |
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Term
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Definition
| S2-S4 Supplies most of skin and muscles of perineum (region encompassing external genitalia and anus and including clitoris, labia, and vaginal mucosa in females, and scrotum and penis in males); external anal sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
| Medial sural cutaneous nerve and fibular communicating branch of common fibular nerve; branches, lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve and lateral calcaneal branches; distribution, skin on back of leg, and skin and joints on lateral side of heel and foot |
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Term
| Parasympathetic division (craniosacral) |
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Definition
| Division are located in brain stem nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X and in the S2-S4 level of the spinal cord. The axons of the preganglionic neurons of the cranial region travel in their respective cranial nerves to the immediate area of the head and neck organs to be stimulates. |
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Term
| Sympathetic division (thoracolumbar) |
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Definition
| Division are in the lateral horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord from T1-L2. The preganglionic axons leave the cord via the ventral root (in conjuction with the axons of the somatice motor neurons), enter the spinal nerve, and then travel briefly in the ventral ramus. |
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Term
| Sympathetic chain ganglia |
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Definition
| A chain of ganglia stimulated ventural and lateral to the spinal cord, and extends from the upper neck down to the coccyx. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connect with a string of sympathetic chain ganglia alongside the vertebral column. Theare are seen only in spinal nerves T1-L2. They are components of the sympathetic nervous system |
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