Term
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Definition
-Creatine phosphate is a high energy phosphate (stores energy); breakdown of PCr serves to replinish ATP; (phosphate group lost from PCr attaches to ADP creating ATP)
-Anaerobic system: supplies energy for only 3-15 sec of maximal exercise.
-First system used when initiate exercise. |
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Term
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Definition
-ATP derived from breakdown of glucose.
-Glucose derived from CHO & liver glycogen.
End product = pyruvic acid (w/out oxygen pyruvic acid = lactic acid) anaerobic system.
-Dependence on glycolysis for ATP = lactic acid accumulation (inhibits further glycogen breakdown and may impede muscle contraction)
-Fastest way to make ATP
-Main contribution of anaerobic glycolysis in first 1-2 min of heavy exercise.
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Term
| Respiratory Exchange Ratio |
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Definition
RER: .7 = lipids, .85 = lipids/CHO, 1.0 = CHO
-RER >1 = max exercise limit. |
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Term
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Definition
-Increase in muscle size.
-Transient: acute effects, muscle sixe increases due to fluid accumulation.
-Chronic: actual structural changes in muscle. Eccentric exercises maximize $ associated with DOMS. |
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Term
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Definition
-Increase in muscle fibers.
-Fibers become so big they split into two fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
-Decrease in muscle size.
-Primarily effect ST fibers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Catalyst
-Helps remove hydrogen
-Helps NAD pick it up. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Helps the reaction of ATP donating phosphate to create Glucose 6 phosphate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulates the speed of the formation on NADH and FADH |
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Term
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Definition
-Easy to metabolize
-Converted to glycogen by liver and muscles
-Glycogen in liver is converted back to glucose as needed transported by blood to muscles to create ATP |
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Term
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Definition
Energy for pro-long exercise.
Harder to metabolize.
-must be reduced to glycerol and FFA
-only FFA form ATP
-can't break down enough for high energy intensities |
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Term
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Definition
Energy for pro-long exercise.
Harder to metabolize.
-must be reduced to glycerol and FFA
-only FFA form ATP
-can't break down enough for high energy intensities |
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Term
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Definition
| Break down of glucose can be aerobic or anaerobic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which glycogen is synthesized from glucose to be stored in liver |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which glycogen is broken into glucose-1-phosphate to be used by the muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Point at which blood lactate begins to accumulate above resting levels during exercise of increasing intensities.
-Contributes to fatigue. |
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Term
Direct Calorimetry
Indirect Calorimetry |
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Definition
| measures the heat produced by the body while indirect measures RER |
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Term
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Definition
Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption:
elevation of O2 consumption above resting levels after exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| Basal Metabolic Rate: minimum energy required for physiological function |
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Term
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Definition
Resting Metabolic Rate:
BMR + typical daily caloric expender |
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Term
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Definition
| maximal force a muscle or muscle group can generate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Product of strength and the speed of movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Capacity to sustain repeated muscle actions. |
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Term
| Armstrong's Sequence of Events in DOMS |
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Definition
1. Structural damage
2. Impaired calcium availability
3. Accumulation of irritants
4. Increased microphage activity |
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Term
| Parameters Affected by Training |
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Definition
-Heart size
-Stroke volume
-Heart rate
-Cardiac output
-Blood flow
-Blood pressure
-Blood volume |
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Term
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Definition
Left ventricle changes the most in endurance training
Internal dimensions of l ventricle increase mostly de to an increase in ventrivle filling.
wall thickens making potential contraction more forceful |
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Term
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Definition
-Increases at rest, sub max, and max exercise.
-EDV increases because increase in blood plasma and greater diastolic filling time.
-L. ventricle fills with more blood. |
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Term
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Definition
-DOMS causes a reduction in the force-generated
-Maximal force-generating capacity returns after days or weeks.
-Muscle glycogen synthesis is impaired with DOMS |
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Term
| Selecting Resistance Training Type |
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Definition
Strength: few reps and high resistance (6-RM)
Muscular endurance: many reps and low resistance (20-RM)
Power: several sets of few reps and moderate resistance; emphasize speed of movement.
Muscle Size: more then 3 sets of 6-RM to 12-RM loads; short rest periods. |
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Term
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Definition
Ability of a single muscle or muscle group to sustain high-intensity, repetitive, or static exercise that occurs in repeated 1-2min bursts.
-Related to muscular strength and anaerobic development. |
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Term
| Cardiorespiratory Endurance |
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Definition
-Ability of the whole body to sustain prolonged, rhythmic exercise.
-Related to cardiovascular and respiratory system (aerobic) development. |
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Term
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Definition
-Decreases with endurance training
-In sedentary individuals it can decrease 1 bpm per week during initial training
-Highly trained athletes may have RR values of 40 bpm or less |
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Term
| Heart Rate During Exercise |
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Definition
Submaximal: decreases proportionately with the amount of training completed, may decrease by 20 to 40 bpm after 6 months of moderate training.
Maximal: remains unchanged or decreases slightly, thought to decrease to allow for optimal SV abd max cardiac output. |
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Term
| Blood Flow Increases w/ Training |
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Definition
-Increased capillarization of trained muscles
-Greater opening of existing capillaries in trained muscles
- More effective blood redistribution - blood goes where it is needed
-Increased blood volume |
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Term
| Cardiovascular Adaptions to Training |
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Definition
- Left ventricle size and wall thickness increase
- SV increases
-Resting and submax HR decreases
-MHR stays the same or decreases
- Blood volume increases
BP = no change or slight decrease
- Cardiac output is better distributed to active muscles |
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Term
| Metabolic Adaptions to Training |
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Definition
- LT increases
-RER decreases for submaximal efforts (greater use for FFAs) and increase at maximal levels.
-Oxygen consumption (VO2) is unaltered or slightly increased at rest, unaltered or slightly decreased at submaximal rates of work, and increases at maximal exertion (VO2max) from 4% to 93% until limited by oxygen delivery. |
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Term
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Definition
Level of conditioning
Heredity
Age
Gender
Specificity of training |
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Term
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Definition
A temporary decrease in muscular performance seen as a failure to maintain or develop an expected force or power output.
Central fatigue occurs mainly in the brain.
Peripheral fatigue occurs in the motor neurons, the peripheral nerves, the motor endplates, and the muscle fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
Causes loss of muscle strength
Causes reflexes to fade with repeated stimulation
Degrades coordination of complex movements |
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Term
| Central versus peripheral causes of fatigue |
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Definition
Central factors are not involved to any great extent in fatigue during high-intensity exercise.
Fatigue in low-intensity effort over one or two hours is likely a failure in nervous system drive. |
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Term
| Factors contributing to central fatigue |
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Definition
Sensory feedback from working muscles
Accumulation of ammonia
Increase in serotonin in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
More work can be produced after a pause with diverting activity than after a passive rest pause.
Sensory feedback of nerve impulses from fatigued muscles impinges on the reticular formation in the brain and inhibits voluntary effort.
Diverting activities, such as exercise with non-fatigued muscle group, produce an increased inflow of impulse from non-fatigued body parts to the reticular formation, shifting balance between inhibition toward facilitation. |
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Term
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Definition
Build up of fatigue-causing metabolites within muscle fibers
Build-up of lactate interferes with muscle contraction by affecting
Calcium release from the saracoplasmic reticulum
Actin-myosin binding
ATP breakdown
ATP production |
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Term
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Definition
Depletion of fuels used to produce ATP
Phosphagen depletion—during very high intensity activity
Glycogen depletion—over a long period of time during moderate-intensity exercise |
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Term
| Temperature and muscle fatigue |
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Definition
Muscle fatigue occurs at both low and high muscle temperatures.
At high temperatures, metabolites accumulate in the muscle.
Low muscle temperatures may affect neuromuscular electrical transmission of the contractile properties of the muscle. |
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Term
| Energy for Cellular Activity |
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Definition
w Food sources are broken down via catabolism to be used by our cells.
w Energy is transferred from food sources to ATP via phosphorylization.
w ATP is a high-energy compound for storing and conserving energy. |
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Term
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Definition
Can be used as energy source if converted to glucose via glucogenesis
w Can generate FFAs in times of starvation through lipogenesis
w Only basic units of protein—amino acids—can be used for energy |
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Term
| Energy for Cellular Activity |
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Definition
w Food sources are broken down via catabolism to be used by our cells.
w Energy is transferred from food sources to ATP via phosphorylization.
w ATP is a high-energy compound for storing and conserving energy. |
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