Term
Factors Affecting Sport performance
3 categories with examples of relationships between |
|
Definition
Coach-environment:
How coach responds to refs, other team, weather, scheduling
Athlete-environment:
How athlete responds to weather, travel, home or away, family/personal/school/work issues. Pressures from scouts, friends, neighbors, and teammates. Playing a rival team or higher/lower ranked team.
|
|
|
Term
| 3 types of Sport Psychology |
|
Definition
Applied Sport Psychology- application of research and theory
-Clinical Sport Psychology
-Educational Sport Psychology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Experimental Psychology- certain methods used to experiment on live human subjects with the least amount of bias possible.
Developmental Psychology- how people develop from birth to death. You would explain how to throw a bowling ball differently between a 6 year-old and a 65 year old. Why? Physical development, mental development.
Clinical Psychology-
Sensation & Perception- How do athletes use their senses and perception to pick up on certain subtle clues about their sport. ie: batter seeing certain physical clues of a pitcher. Proprioception-using feeling to sense and make decisions
Social Psychology- how the society reacts to scenarios. |
|
|
Term
Factors that affect sport performance
Examples of relationships |
|
Definition
Coach-environment:
How coach responds to refs, other team, weather, scheduling
Athlete-environment:
How athlete responds to weather, travel, home or away, family/personal/school/work issues. Pressures from scouts, friends, neighbors, and teammates. Playing a rival team or higher/lower ranked team. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
def = applying principle of sports psychology to exercise
Motivation = gets you out of the door
Adherence = keeps you going out the door
Exercise addiction/dependence
Strategies for behavior change = access, decide, prescribe. Develop a REALISTIC approach to achieve a change. |
|
|
Term
| Keys to successful performance |
|
Definition
Physical Training (physical conditioning, nutrition, rest)
Skill Enhancement (technique)
Strategies for practice/competition
Psychological Preparation (attitude, goals, concentration, relaxation) = mental component, change your attitude |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Physical Characteristics—basketball doesn’t make you tall. Genetic basis
Mental Characteristics—attitude, drive, dedication, enthusiasm,
Emotional Characteristics—anger management, humility, excitement, passion, fear
Spiritual Characteristics—not necessarily related to a defined religion, something about their sport reverberates deep within their soul. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prediction? Not very reliable test to predict what a person is going to do aka: poor indicator of future success.
Understanding—understanding people’s personalities is a reliable way to understand who they are and how they operate within their sport. |
|
|
Term
Personality
-Definition
-and examples |
|
Definition
Definition -
…the underlying, relatively stable, psychological structure and processes that organize human experience and shape a person's activities and reactions to the environment.
Is there an Athletic "Type"? Yes
Inborn vs Learned? Both. We cannot tell which percentage of each because how do you measure that/measure genetics
Can You Modify Personality? After the age of 4, personality does not change. After the age of 4 or 5, you can only modify your behavior. Personality leads to thoughts, beliefs, ideas which leads to behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the emotional state of the subject. “what was the affect of the subject?” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generalized, long-term, ongoing spanning across situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| State—opposite end of spectrum of traits, Very specific to task at hand. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Individual Differences—differences between individuals among same and different populations
->be careful. When you average and plot something on a normative curve, you lose the “individual differences” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Biological—biological/genetic basis explaining
Psychodynamic—Super Ego/ego, check and balance, if out of balance it is unhealthy
Humanistic—holistic view incorporating whole person.
Behavioral—BF Skinner,
Personality Trait theory—Something that people applies to everyday situation. Some people always look at the glass half empty or half full.
Interactional—B = F(P+E) = Behavior(B) is a function(F) of a combination(+) of personality(P) and environment(E). |
|
|
Term
Silva's Personality Performance Pyramid
(definitely on test) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modification—Changes in aspect of sport; modify eating habits, time management, training regiment… |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attrition—number of athletes decreases as you go up in levels. IE: people quit, they get cut (deselection), injury, |
|
|
Term
| How do psychologists measure personality? |
|
Definition
Interviews—We measure personality by talking to people.
Direct Observation—direct observations of personality types. We can train psychologist to do at a very high level.
Personality Tests—many different kinds, multi-billion dollar industry on something that ISN’T an exact science. WARNING!! |
|
|
Term
paper and pencil personality tests
5 examples |
|
Definition
*** Sample test question: all of these are examples of personality tests except?
1. Eyesenck Personality Inventory
2. Cattell 16PF
3. Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS)
4. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
5. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI)—tool used to screen for crazies
Profile of Mood States (POMS) |
|
|
Term
Educational Psychology
Psychological Skills traning (PST) |
|
Definition
-Goal Setting
-Relaxation/Stress Management/Arousal Control = when do you need to rest can you rest, can you explode/tap into energy sources when you need to?
-Visualization (Imagery) = the most well researched and powerful tool of sports psychology.
- Attention Skills (Concentration) = are very task specific. Learn difference and practice the specifics to improve on action being practiced.
- Positive Self-Talk/Cognitive Restructuring = negative vs positive self-talk. How do you reframe your thoughts in a direction that you desire?
-Teamwork (Group Dynamics) = programming a team in order to achieve best performance |
|
|
Term
Why do some atheltes participate in "dangerous" or extreme sport activities?
Do they have a death wish? |
|
Definition
Sensation Seeking—we cannot tell the difference between the chemicals in the brain from pursuing this activity or taking a drug.
Thrill & Adventure Seeking
Experience Seeking
Disinhibition- What alcohol does to your judgment and behaviors.
Boredom Susceptibility—always have to keep them busy or else they get bored and get into trouble!
Birth Order—Youngest child seems to be more sensation seeking. Why? Parenting differences, older child has paved the way…
Gender Differences—Males are more sensation seeking. Why? Testosterone, Parenting (treat girl children differently than male children), peer-pressure, how you are socialized. |
|
|
Term
Profile of Elite Athletes
looking at the Silva pyramid, what does it take/what kinda of personality profile does it take to get to the top? |
|
Definition
PROFILE OF ELITE ATHLETES
Kroll & Silva Pyramid—Pyramid shown earlier in notes. How do you get to the top? Athletes that make it to the top are outliers when it comes to drive, determination, focus, concentration, physical ability, willing to make sacrifices, commitment, ability to manage emotions, willingness to work hard, perseverance (being comfortable with being uncomfortable) |
|
|
Term
POMS Profile
(graph)
know the shape it makes when conducted on 12,000 athletes at the olympic training center
(answer = iceberg) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Definitions of:
Arousal
Anxiety |
|
Definition
Arousal - an all-inclusive, well-ranging continuum of psychological activation
Anxiety - a negatively charged emotional state that is characterized by internal discomfort and a feeling of nervousness. A feeling like the butterflies that is almost nauseating. Always has a negative connotation. Something we want to avoid. |
|
|
Term
Arousal Contiuum
(graphic) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explaination of the arousal contiuum and what factors can alter/shift the sliders |
|
Definition
| The daily functioning window varies from person to person but 95% of the population lies within the Daily Functioning Value. Varsity Athletes who are participating in high level of exercise and competition could move the right slider further to the right. Age could be a factor that slides the left. Stress could be a factor that moves the daily functioning range. Fight or flight is a survival mechanism. Be careful using “instinct,” we will look at the word instinct later. Fainting is a sensory overload. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"the process in the central nervous system that increases the activity in the brain from a lower level to a higher level, and maintains this high level. The activation response is a general energy mobilizing response that provides the conditions for a high performance, both physically and psychologically. (Ursin, 1978) NOT EXPECTED TO KNOW THIS BY HEART, KNOW HIGHLIGHTED.
Know:
-a process
-increases activity
-maintains higher activity
-the response to this higher activity is a general energy mobilization |
|
|
Term
Neurophysiologial Mechanisms ofthe brain
Functions of the:
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
reticular activating system |
|
Definition
Cerebral Cortex - Higher Intellectual Functions-
“bark of the brain”-where you deicide that “you don’t feel like running today because you are too tired.
-Hypothalamus - Controls Endocrine System –
You have a thought and your body prepares by releasing chemicals into the blood stream to help activate certain muscles.
-Reticular Activating System - Activates cortex from Brainstem –
much of the incoming neural signals pass though this gate. It acts as a traffic cop that determines what it important and what it not and routes them through certain pathways to the brain.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
State Anxiety - a transitory form of apprehension that varies in intensity, in proportion to the strength of the fear-inducing cue. (Spielberger, 1972)
Ex: test anxiety. It only happens when the fear inducing stimulus is present. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TRAIT ANXIETY
relatively stable individual differences in anxiety proneness, that is, differences in the disposition to perceive a wide range of stimulus situations as dangerous or threatening, and to respond to such threats with a disproportionate amount of fear. (Speilberger, 1972)
People who have many many stimuli that trigger an anxious response. It is disproportionate to the amount of fear that the stimulus presents. |
|
|
Term
arousal and performance relationship
|
|
Definition
AROUSAL & PERFORMANCE
Drive Theory - Clarke Hull (1943) stated that performance (P) is a multiplicative function of the drive state (D) and the habit strength (H).
- P = D x H
Inverted - U Hypothesis - Yerkes - Dodson Law (1908)
Inverted U hypothesis explains arousal performance relationship graph for HUMAN whereas linear line explains graph for ANIMALS
Practice is Learning! (P) is related to arousal. (D) is related to how well it is learned. |
|
|
Term
arousal perfomance relationship
(graph for animals) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| arousal performance relaitonship for human |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Arousal performance relationship
Optimal levels
(skill specific) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Arousal performance graph
task complexity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
arousal performance
optimal energy zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Say you are underaroused before a game, how do you get to the optimal range? |
|
Definition
Say you are under aroused before the beginning of the game, how do you get there?
-Self-visualization, Listening to pump-up music, MOVEMENT (warm-up), positive-self talk
-Say you are over aroused before the beginning of a game, how do you get back to optimal level?
-focus on breathing (centering), visualization, distraction, listening to calming music, movement, stretching |
|
|
Term
Zone of optimal functioning
flow-(defn) |
|
Definition
AROUSAL AND PERFORMANCE II
-Zone of Optimal Functioning (ZOF)—Hanin 1989
-Flow—Csikzentmihalyi (1975)—When you find yourself in a state when things are coming really easy and you are performing well and it doesn’t seem to take that much effort, but then when you realize that you are in it, it breaks and you snap out of it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the ability to process information from the environment
-Attention is:
1. serial, shifting from source to source (one after the other) multi-tasking is shifting from one source to another and then back very quickly. When you are walking and talking, you are constantly shifting your attention from walking and talking and back to walking very very quickly.
2. limited in capacity
3. effortful and related to arousal—always takes some energy to do but as you practice the task the amount of brain energy it takes decreases.
4. limits the capacity to do certain parts of tasks together
--ability to take a large order (as a waiter) related to compartmentalization, blocking, and association.
***--Cue utilization and the arousal-performance relationship: As you increase your arousal level, you narrow your focus (“tunnel vision”). Optimal performance region is when you can block our irrelevant cues but keeping relevant cues in attention. Tunnel vision occurs when the subject blocks out all but the most important/most dangerous cue.
--why texting on the phone/talking on the phone and driving is bad. You cannot focus completely on both tasks simultaneously. |
|
|
Term
information processing
selective attention-
pertinence modek- |
|
Definition
Stage Models
Selective Attention—you choosing what you want to pay attention to.
Pertinence Model—you pay attention to what is important to you.
--these are connected because you select/direct your attention to what is pertinent/important.
Reaction Time (RT) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stroop Effect Demo
When ink color and form conflict, reaction time is slowed
--Your reaction time slows when the color doesn’t match the word (the form doesn’t match the word)
--We are socialized to read words that we recognize.
--We get slow when there is a mismatch in form.
--Green Blue Red Yellow.
--processing on the same channel slows us down.
--ability to do well on a stroop effect test is related to age. Young kids will do better because they are less socialized to read what they see.
--In Sport: crowd noise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Number of Stimulus Response Alternatives—number of “choices.” The more choices, the slower the reaction time.
Hick's Law—basic premise of studying reaction time: as the number of stimulus Response alternatives increases the ration time decreases.
Practice
Anticipation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HICK'S LAW
Choice RT is linearly related to the Log of the number of stimulus alternatives. |
|
|
Term
| keys to successful performance |
|
Definition
Physical training (physical conditioning, nutrition, sleep)—there are no short-cuts, you have to do the repetitions.
Skill enhancement (technique)—Fundamentals, repetition.
Strategies for practice/competition—you have to be a student of your sport to be successful.
Psychological preparation (positive attitude, goal setting, concentration, relaxation)
etc., coachable, spiritual/meaningfulness—a reason why you are working so hard to play your sport whether it be spiritual or other meaningful reason. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Self-motivated & self-directed—come to class, go to early morning practice, drink disgusting protein shakes.
Positive but realistic—if you can’t pass physics, you aren’t going to be an astronaut.
In MANAGE of own emotions—dealing with the feelings that arise. You can’t control/prevent emotions.
Calm & relaxed under fire—Composed during pressure situations. Executing practiced skill no matter how many people are in the crowd.
Highly energetic & ready for action—awake, focused, movement, on their toes/not back on your heels,
Determined—finishing every drill, practicing in the rain
Mentally alert & focused
Doggedly self-confident—confidence isn’t affected by outside influences (like what your coach say)
Fully responsible—Most important of all of them to do the above attributes. You have to walk the walk not just talk the talk.
--All these qualities are LIFE SKILLs meaning that can be developed through sports but persists in every aspect of life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
INTERVENTION-PST
Definition- Psychological Skills are the mental skills that sport psychology teaches athletes to go along with physical skills
--We intervene with athletes who WANT the mental skills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
THREE PHASES TO PST PROGRAMS:
1. Education phase—questionnaire to determine deficits are.
2. Acquisition phase—try it on to see if it works. Try many different methods/skills until you find what works best for individual.
3. Practice phase—Once you have what works for you, go out and practice it many times (reps) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TYPICAL PST TOPICS
GOAL SETTING
IMAGERY & VISUALIZATION
FOCUS & CONCENTRATION |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
GOAL SETTING:
GUIDELINES:
Performance vs. outcome—make performance related goals instead of end outcome goals. (I want to go to the gym everyday instead of I want to lose 15 in a month) Make goals based on what you need to do to get to the outcome.
Challenging vs. easy—Make goals that are challenging so in the end you have actually achieve something and are proud of yourself but not too difficult to the point where the goal is unattainable.
Realistic vs. unrealistic—Make goals that are realistic so you don’t lose motivation and confidence.
Specific vs. general—the most specific the better.
S.M.A.R.T. Goals—Specific Measureable Attainable Realistic Time-bound
--Why use a grocery list? Efficient use of time, do not forget what you need, only get what you will use. |
|
|
Term
| imagery and visualization |
|
Definition
IMAGERY & VISUALIZATION:
WHY DO IT?
HOW IT WORKS
--The most researched skill with definite positive performance
--Works in conjunction with physical practice.
--Skill imagery, success imagery, adversity imagery
--Imagery is different than visualization. Visualization only implies “seeing things.” Imagery is more all-encompassing including emotions, hearing, visual, feeling.
--Perfect practice makes perfect. Imagine doing skills perfectly(shooting a perfect shot every time) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
FOCUS & CONCENTRATION:
Positive Self-Talk—learn to replace negative self-talk (I suck, I can’t do this, I’m going to quit) with positive self talk (I CAN do this, I’m off my game but I will bounce back, just a little more)
Thought Stopping—big image that takes all your attention to create then couple that with a small physical movement. Kind of hitting a mental and physical “reset” button.
Coping with Mistakes & Refocusing—you have made many mistakes before, you are going to make mistakes in the future, SO GET OVER IT! Make a mistake and laugh at yourself.
Distraction Control-- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
WHY DO PEOPLE EXERCISE?
Health & Fitness
Improve Own Appearance
Enjoyment
Social Experience—group exercise, running in a group
Psychological Benefit—clear evidence of the psychological boost exercise gives.
--if you haven’t found a type of exercise that you like, keep looking. There are many different forms of exercising from skiing to weight lifting. |
|
|
Term
Why don't people exercise?
|
|
Definition
WHY DON'T PEOPLE EXERCISE?
Lack of Time—Not a good excuse, you don’t make time to exercise. Like brushing your teeth, make exercising a habit.
Fatigue—Work out in the morning when you have energy.
Lack of Facilities—you can do a workout in your living room with nothing but milk jugs or even body weight.
Lack of Knowledge About Fitness—how to exercise safely. Med school students receive about 3 hours total of exercise advice training. Go to personal trainer to get advice on how to exercise.
Lack of Willpower—where to choose to apply your willpower. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ***10% of sedentary adults are likely to begin a program of regular exercise within a year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adherence—how do you keep them exercising?
% of Attendance—measuring the actual work that you do in your workout. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Compliance
Degree to which subjects adhere to a protocol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dropout
Subjects who stopped attending |
|
|
Term
what is motivation?
2 components with definitions of them |
|
Definition
The intensity and direction of behavior
Intensity- degree of effort put forth
Direction- approaches or avoids a situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(type of motivation that we can see as far as observing human behavior)
Meaningfulness—help subject find meaning in what they are doing.
Goals
Short-Term
Long-Term
Incentives—appropriate to goal. Do not reward yourself with a sundae if your goal is to balance calorie output/input. Training for races in new places—travelling to a new place is your reward for training for the race.
Motives—health issues,
Leadership—who are our exercise leaders—you, group exercise leader. Quality of the leader (learning peoples’ names in their class will increase their likelihood to be persistent and work harder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Afterglow—you feel good, accomplishment
Fitness—running is one of the most efficient ways to maintain fitness (doesn’t matter what else is going on, all you need is a pair of shoes.
Centering—getting in tough with your body by turning off everything else that is going on around you or things in your day.
Feels Good—different environment (trail running)
Challenge
Identity—it is important to us as social creatures to be a part of different social groups.
Competition—it can take many forms including competing with yourself.
Slim
Social
--Iron Man = 2.5 mile swim + 112 mile bike ride + 26 mile run (marathon) |
|
|
Term
| gender differences in motives to exercise |
|
Definition
Biological or Cultural? Males = competitive (cultural)
Self-Esteem & Confidence Issues
Estimation in Physical Ability to Exercise—men tend to overestimate, women tend to underestimate their physical ability to exercise.
College Age Males Rank Competition #1
Females Rank Health & Fitness #1
Both Rank Social Experience Very High
- Mathes & Batista '85 |
|
|
