Term
English Natural philosopher that first looked at objects under a simple lens. Studied the structure of cork and named the many "small boxes" cella which eventually became known as cells. |
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Definition
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Term
Created the first "simple microscope" Observed animalcules. |
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Definition
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Term
Who was the first to describe and illustrate the smallest living microbes, aka bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
Who wrote Micrographia and in which year? |
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Definition
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Term
What was considered the golden age of microbiology? |
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Definition
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Term
The scientific study of the source, cause, and transmission of disease within a population. |
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Definition
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Term
Who was Ignaz Semmelweis and what was his contribution to epidemiology? It was thought to be an odd practice at the time and he lost his job over it. |
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Definition
Hungarian OB who directed his staff to wash hands before dealing with his OB moms and babies. |
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Term
English surgeon who studied and discovered the source and reason for cholera's spread throughout London |
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Definition
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Term
Which scientist formulated the germ theory of disease? |
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Definition
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Term
What theory states that some microorganisms are responsible for infectious disease? |
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Definition
The germ theory of disease |
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Term
German country doctor that studied anthrax and rod-shaped bacteria as the cause of TB. |
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Definition
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Term
Which scientist had procedures specifically named after him and what were they? |
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Definition
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Term
Denmark scientist who introduced staining system to identify bacterial cells |
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Definition
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Term
Japanese scientist who isolated a cause of bacterial dysentery. |
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Definition
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Term
German scientist who described the bacterium responsible for infant diarrhea |
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Definition
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Term
Scientist who synthesized the first "magic bullet" - chemical that could kill pathogens w/o damaging the surrounding tissue. It was called salvarsan and it cured syphilis. |
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Definition
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Term
The use of anitmicrobial chemicals to kill microbes |
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Definition
Antibacterial chemotherapy |
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Term
Scottish scientist that discovered penicillium mold and developed penicillin to kill bacterial pathogens. |
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Definition
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Term
The scientific study of microscopic organisms and viruses, and their interactions with other organisms and the environment. |
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Definition
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Term
An environment free from living microorganisms, spores, and viruses |
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Definition
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Term
The study of the diversity of life and its evolutionary relationships |
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Definition
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Term
The science dealing with the systematized arrangements of related living things in categories |
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Definition
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Term
Cell or organism in the domain bacteria or archaea composed of single cells having a single chromosome but no cell nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles |
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Definition
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Term
A cell or organism containing a cell nucleus with multiple chromosomes, a nuclear envelope, and membrane-bound organelles. |
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Definition
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Term
Two part naming system for naming organisms |
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Definition
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Term
The scientific study of fungi |
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Definition
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Term
The scientific study of algae |
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Definition
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Term
The scientific study of the structure and function of the immune system |
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Definition
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Term
The scientific study of viruses |
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Definition
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Term
The commercial application of genetic engineering using living organisms |
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Definition
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Term
The study of the environment |
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Definition
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Term
Standard reference book to identify and classify bacteria through the use of dichotomous keys. |
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Definition
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Term
What are the available magnifications on a compound microscope? |
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Definition
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Term
How do you determine the total magnification on a microscope? |
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Definition
The occulars x the objectives |
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Term
Microscopy in which visible light passes directly through the lenses and specimen. |
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Definition
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Term
Microscopy that uses a special condenser and objective lenses. Condenser splits the light beam and throws the light rays slightly out of phase. Allows scientists to observe organisms alive and unstained when suspended in water. |
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Definition
Phase-contrast Microscopy |
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Term
Microscopy that uses a special condeser lens under the stage. Condenser scatters light and causes it to hit the specimen from the side. Only light bouncing off the specimen makes the specimen visible. Surrounding area appears dark. |
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Definition
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Term
Microscopy in which fluorescent dyes are used |
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Definition
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Term
What is the highest powered microscope available? |
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Definition
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) |
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Term
Electron microscope used for viewing ultrathin slices of nonliving microorganisms, internal components, and viruses. |
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Definition
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) |
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Term
Electron microscope used for viewing surfaces and textures on nonliving microorganisms, cell components, and viruses. |
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Definition
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) |
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Term
Microscope capable of magnifying 100x-200,000x |
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Definition
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Term
Microscope capable of magnifying 10x-20,000x |
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Definition
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Term
The ability to stay in focus despite changing the magnification of the objectives |
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Definition
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Term
A measure of the light-bending ability of a substance |
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Definition
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Term
What is the magnification of the oil objective? |
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Definition
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Term
What kind of staining is it when the sample is flooded with a basic dye |
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Definition
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Term
What color will gram-positive bacteria stain? |
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Definition
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Term
What color will gram-negative bacteria stain? |
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Definition
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Term
What does the oil do for the oil immersion lens? |
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Definition
It bends the light and redirects it back into the objective so light is lost. |
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Term
How can we identify unknown bacteria? |
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Definition
Observe under microscope, determine pro vs. euk, use the dichotomous key, determine the cellular morphology (the form and structure of cells), look at where genetic material is, metabolism |
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Term
Why do we stain organisms? |
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Definition
Colorless cells are hard to see, also kills organisms. |
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Term
What is the approx. size of bacterial organisms? |
|
Definition
approx. 100 nm to 10 um's |
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Term
What does the scientific method consist of? (5 steps) |
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Definition
1. Make observations
2. Propose a hypothesis to explain observations or predict an outcome
3. Test hypothesis
4. Decide whether to accept or reject the hypothesis
5. If necessary, propose and test a new hypothesis |
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Term
Positively charged particles that are found in the atomic nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called |
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Definition
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Term
This type of bond involves the attraction of a partially positive hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to one other polar molecule toward another polar molecule having either a partially negative oxygen atom or nitrogen atom. |
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Definition
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Term
The electrical attraction between oppositely charged ions |
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Definition
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Term
Chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. |
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Definition
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Term
Bond formed by the unequal sharing of an electron pair. |
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Definition
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Term
Name the following chemical reaction:
A+B = AB |
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Definition
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Term
Name the following chemical reaction:
AB = A+B |
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Definition
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Term
Name the following chemical reaction:
A+BC = AC+B |
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Definition
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|
Term
Name the following chemical reaction:
When H+ ion is donated or combines with H+ |
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Definition
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|
Term
Name the following chemical reaction:
Involves the transfer of electrons between chemicals |
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Definition
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|
Term
What is a neutral pH?
Acidic?
Basic? |
|
Definition
7 = neutral
<7 = acidic
>7= basic |
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Term
Substances that absorb -OH and H+ and resist pH change? |
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Definition
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Term
What do most biological buffers consist of? |
|
Definition
A weak acid and a weak base. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates? |
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Definition
Monosaccharides (one sugar) - simple
Disaccharides (2 sugars) - simple
Polysaccharides (many sugars) - complex |
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Term
What kind of carbohydrate is glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
Nonpolar organic compounds that are hydrophobic. Consist of a glycerol head that is hydrophilic and a hydrophobic fatty acid tail. Form the phospholipid bilayer of membranes |
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Definition
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Term
A fatty acid that contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms extending from the carbon backbone. No double covalent bonds between carbon atoms. |
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Definition
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Term
Fatty acid which contains less than the maximum hydrogen atoms. Contains one or more double covalent bonds between a few carbon atoms. |
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Definition
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Term
Lipid consisting of a 3 carbon glycerol molecule and up to 3 long-chain fatty acids.
|
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Definition
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Term
What are the three things that make up a nucleotide? |
|
Definition
1. Nitrogen Base
2. Phosphate
3. Ribose-carbon |
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Term
____ are polymers built from nitrogen-containing monomers called ____ _____ |
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Definition
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Term
What is the cellular structure that is made of RNA and protein that participates in protein synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the two types of nucleic acids that the genetic instructions for living organisms are composed of? |
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Definition
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
&
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
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Term
Identify the structure level of protein indicated:
The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain |
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Definition
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|
Term
Identify the structure level of protein indicated:
Polypeptides have regions folded into a corkscrew shape or alpha helix. Beta pleated sheet. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Identify the structure level of protein indicated:
Three dimensional shape that is folded and has bonding between R groups on amino acids in the polypeptide chain |
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Definition
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|
Term
Identify the structure level of protein indicated:
Two or more folded polypeptides bonded together |
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Definition
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|
Term
Nucleic Acid that stores and encodes the heredity information |
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Definition
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Term
Nucleic Acid that transmits the information to make proteins, control genes, and helps regulate genetic activity |
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Definition
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Term
What is the central dogma of molecular biology? |
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Definition
DNA converts to RNA through TRANSCRIPTION. RNA is then TRANSLATED to protein. |
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Term
Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?
Has a nucleus with linear chromosomes-homologous pairs. Undergoes mitosis and meiosis. |
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Definition
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Term
Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?
Has a plasma membrane that consists of lipids, cholesterol, is semipermeable, proteins, and protects membrane bound organelles |
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Definition
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Term
What does selectively permeable mean? And what does it refer to? |
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Definition
It is when a cell's membrane allows the passage of some molecules while blocking the access of others. |
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Term
What is the plasma membrane composed of? |
|
Definition
Phospholipid bilayer
Glycerol head: hydrophillic
Tails: hydrophobic |
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Term
What role do proteins play in the cell membrane? |
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Definition
They allow certain molecules to pass through the membrane quickly. |
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Term
Molecules floating through the air from area of high concentration to low concentration, what kind of diffusion? |
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Definition
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Term
When protein pores are used to diffuse molecules, what type of diffusion? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
When energy is being used to move molecules across the membrane what type of transport is this known as? |
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Definition
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Term
Pumps and pores are examples of what kind of transport? |
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Definition
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Term
When a cell takes in material by surrounding it with it's membrane and the gulping it |
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Definition
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Term
When a cell "eats" solid material |
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Definition
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|
Term
When a cell "eats" liquid |
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Definition
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|
Term
The substance inside of the plasma membrane and outside of the nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
The fluid portion of the cytoplasm is known as |
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Definition
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|
Term
The microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules in the cytoplasm are known as the |
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Definition
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Term
Where are ribosomes found in cells? 2 locations. |
|
Definition
Endoplasmic reticulum
Free floating |
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Term
What is the site of protein synthesis? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Where does ATP synthesis occur? |
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Definition
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|
Term
What is the external motile structure found in bacteria? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Where does metabolism occur? |
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Definition
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|
Term
How many genes are found in human mitochondria? |
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Definition
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|
Term
What structure found in plants is similar to mitochondria? |
|
Definition
Chloroplasts. Have own DNA, produce O2. Have a cell wall. 1-20 um's. Reproduce by pinching off. |
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Term
Structure found in plants, algae, fungus
Composed of carbohydrates such as cellulose, chitin, glucan |
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Definition
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Term
States that organelles (DNA containing) in eukaryotes were one bacteria. Prokaryotes became residents of eukaryotes. |
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Definition
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|
Term
What kinds of cells are flagella found in? |
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Definition
prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
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Term
Where is cilia found? (which type of cell) |
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Definition
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Term
No chlorophyll, contain chitin, can be single celled or very complex multicellular organisms, heterotrophic. |
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Definition
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Term
What is the single cell stage of fungus known as? |
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Definition
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Term
What type of organism has a cell wall composed of chitin? |
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Definition
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Term
What type of organism is saprophytic? (feeds on dead organic matter such as rotting wood or compost) |
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Definition
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Term
What are the two phases that fungi has?? |
|
Definition
Vegatative (growth) and Reproduction |
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Term
What are the masses of intertwined tubular filaments that together form a mold called? |
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Definition
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Term
A thick mass of hyphae/the mass seen with the unaided eye that generally has a rough, cottony texture is known as: |
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Definition
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Term
When hyphal cross walls divide the cytoplasm into seperate "cells", the fungus is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
Nonseptate hyphae are called what? |
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Definition
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Term
When a mold can take on one form while it is being grown but when exposed to room temperature, they convert to another structure it is known as being: |
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Definition
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Term
The process of spore formation is known as: |
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Definition
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Term
The ability of a disease-causing agent to gain entry to a host and bring about a physiological or anatomical change interpreted as disease |
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Definition
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|
Term
What organism is more closely related to animals than plants? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Sexually Asexually (sporangiospores, conidiosphores) |
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Term
Unicellular, Eukaryotic organisms are known as: |
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Definition
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|
Term
"Tiny Animals" Multicelluar animals; nematodes. Parasitic |
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Definition
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Term
Decomposers, mutualistic relationships with humans, found wherever nutrients are available: soil, decaying material, food, lichens, plant roots, living tissue |
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Definition
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Term
Which organisms prefer a slightly acidic environment at 23 celsius or 37 celsius? Also some like an anaerobic environment? |
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Definition
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|
Term
What is the human pathogenic form of yeast? |
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Definition
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|
Term
What is saccharomyces cervesiae? |
|
Definition
Form of yeast that bread and beer are created from |
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Term
Which form of fungus can form pseudohyphae? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Septate or Nonseptate?
Found in soil, spores released to the air. Rhizopus arrhizus. Causes mucormycosis (fungal infection of mucus membranes) |
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Definition
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|
Term
Septate or Nonseptate?
Ascomycota: penicillium and aspergillus. Biggest role as decomposers. Includes pathogen of multistate outbreak of fungal meningitis (exserohilum) |
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Definition
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|
Term
What is ringworm (dermatophytosis) caused by? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Euglena, dinoflagellates, diatoms, brown, red, and green are all examples of what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Found in freshwater, marine water, and soil? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Can be both photosynthetic or heterotrophic? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
What is it called when many algal blooms release toxins? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Where are a large volume of diatoms found? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Type of algae that have a flagella that is transverse and one that comes out of the end? Unicellular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the following classified as?
Amoeba
Apicomplexa
Flagellates
Cillates |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Unicellular eukaryotic microbes that are usually motile (about 65,000 species) Lack cell walls. Mostly heterotrophic, some are parasitic. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
What are the following diseases caused by?
Dysentary (entameoba histolytica)
Malaria (Plasmodium)
Trichomanosis (STD)
Chagas disease (Tripanosomes) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
What are the two groups of parasitic helminths? |
|
Definition
Flatworms (includes tapeworms)
Roundworms |
|
|
Term
Single celled, nucleoid region (no nucleus), circular chromosome & plasmid, cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasma membrane |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Where is the genetic material found in a prokaryotic cell? |
|
Definition
Nucleoid region, no nucleus |
|
|
Term
What is the nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell like? |
|
Definition
circular, super-coiled. Contains DNA double helix. |
|
|
Term
What is a plasmid and where is if found? |
|
Definition
Tiny circle piece of DNA, seperate from the nucleoid region. Some prokaryotes have many. |
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|
Term
Where are plasmids found in prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many parts do ribosomes in prokaryotes have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are ribosomes in prokaryotes designated? |
|
Definition
70s (50s subunit+30s subunit) |
|
|
Term
What is the function of ribosomes? |
|
Definition
To create polypeptides/proteins |
|
|
Term
What is the main function of a bacterial cell wall? And what are the two main types? |
|
Definition
To support and protect the cell
Gram +, Gram - |
|
|
Term
What is the layer that is found in bacterial cell walls that helps to determine whether it is + or -? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gram + or Gram -?
1.Selectively permeable membrane
2.Thin layer of peptidoglycan
3.Have a thin lipid/fat membrane on the outside
(also have LPL's [lipopolysaccharides] on the outside) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Gram + or Gram -?
1.Selectively permeable membrane
2.Very thick peptidoglycan layer
(also have L. acids) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gram + or Gram -?
Staphylococcus Aureus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gram + or Gram -?
Stains pink |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gram + or Gram -?
Stains purple |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Selectively permeable, no cholesterols (instead has hopanoids), allows both passive diffusion and active transport; what type of membrane is this? |
|
Definition
Cytoplasmic membrane or PM |
|
|
Term
What do pores in a cell membrane allow for? |
|
Definition
Active transport of proteins and other large molecules |
|
|
Term
When both the inside and outside of a cell have ions and water that is balanced. What is this called? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
The movement of ions across a membrane is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The movement of water across a membrane is known as what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
When water rushes into the cell because there are more ions outside it is known as? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
When water rushes out because the inside of the cell has less ions than the outside? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Straight rod, club-shaped rod, branching rod, comma forms, spore forming rod, spiral forms, coccus are all examples of? |
|
Definition
Bacterial (cellular) morphology |
|
|
Term
Cluster, tetrad, chain, diplococci are all examples of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are bacilli typically found in chains known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are cocci usually found in a cluster known as? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Extension on outside of cell. Involved in identifyiung niche. Help chemically identify where they should be living. Attach to cells that they will infect. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Glycocalyx is composed of what 2 things? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the slime layer composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the importance of a cellular capsule? |
|
Definition
Protects cell against our immune system. Helps it attach to things better. |
|
|
Term
What structure helps cells move? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The ability to move towards or away from objects using chemical gradient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How fast can flagella move? |
|
Definition
Up tp 1,000 rpms in one way |
|
|
Term
What does "run and tumble" refer to? |
|
Definition
The way that flagella move bacteria |
|
|
Term
What structure in bacteria help them to survive and find food? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Involves the ability of bacterial cells to sense their numbers by producing and responding to extracellular chemicals. This occurs in densely packed areas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where is Quorum sensing found? |
|
Definition
Densely packed areas such as a biofilm |
|
|
Term
How many major phyla do archaea have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many major phyla do bacteria have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Archaea found in extreme environments are known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What organism has a cell wall composed of pseudopeptidoglycan? Cell membrane can be bilayer or monolayer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Archaea found in extremely salty environments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Archaea found in extremely hot environments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The breakdown of proteins is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thermas aquaticus (TAQ) has an enzyme that allows itself to replicate itself under high temperatures. (archaea) This is used in what important scientific technique? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which type of microscope would you use to study the chemical structure of an archaean cell wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is an example of photosynthetic bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What oxygenated the earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where are actinomycetes and stretomyces (antibiotics) found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bacteria that is naturally found on our skin is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Set of organisms that live on another organism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where do babies acquire their microbiota? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Outer ear, nasal cavity, upper respiratory tract, openings, gastrointestinal tract, skin, uriogenital are all examples where what is found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Densely packed communities of microbial cells that grow on living or inert surfaces and surrond themselves with secreted polymers? |
|
Definition
|
|