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Exam One
Basics of Micro, Classifications, Cell structures, etc.
203
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
01/29/2014

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
English Natural philosopher that first looked at objects under a simple lens. Studied the structure of cork and named the many "small boxes" cella which eventually became known as cells.
Definition
Robert Hooke
Term
Created the first "simple microscope" Observed animalcules.
Definition
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
Term
Who was the first to describe and illustrate the smallest living microbes, aka bacteria?
Definition
Leeuwenhoek
Term
Who wrote Micrographia and in which year?
Definition
Hooke 1665
Term
What was considered the golden age of microbiology?
Definition
1800's
Term
The scientific study of the source, cause, and transmission of disease within a population.
Definition
Epidemiology
Term
Who was Ignaz Semmelweis and what was his contribution to epidemiology? It was thought to be an odd practice at the time and he lost his job over it.
Definition
Hungarian OB who directed his staff to wash hands before dealing with his OB moms and babies.
Term
English surgeon who studied and discovered the source and reason for cholera's spread throughout London
Definition
John Snow
Term
Which scientist formulated the germ theory of disease?
Definition
Louis Pasteur
Term
What theory states that some microorganisms are responsible for infectious disease?
Definition
The germ theory of disease
Term
German country doctor that studied anthrax and rod-shaped bacteria as the cause of TB.
Definition
Robert Koch
Term
Which scientist had procedures specifically named after him and what were they?
Definition
Koch; Koch's postulates
Term
Denmark scientist who introduced staining system to identify bacterial cells
Definition
Hans Christian Gram
Term
Japanese scientist who isolated a cause of bacterial dysentery.
Definition
Kiyoshi Shiga
Term
German scientist who described the bacterium responsible for infant diarrhea
Definition
Theodore Escherich
Term
Scientist who synthesized the first "magic bullet" - chemical that could kill pathogens w/o damaging the surrounding tissue. It was called salvarsan and it cured syphilis.
Definition
Paul Ehrlich
Term
The use of anitmicrobial chemicals to kill microbes
Definition
Antibacterial chemotherapy
Term
Scottish scientist that discovered penicillium mold and developed penicillin to kill bacterial pathogens.
Definition
Alexander Fleming
Term
The scientific study of microscopic organisms and viruses, and their interactions with other organisms and the environment.
Definition
Microbiology
Term
An environment free from living microorganisms, spores, and viruses
Definition
Sterile environment
Term
The study of the diversity of life and its evolutionary relationships
Definition
Systematics
Term
The science dealing with the systematized arrangements of related living things in categories
Definition
Taxonomy
Term
Cell or organism in the domain bacteria or archaea composed of single cells having a single chromosome but no cell nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles
Definition
Prokaryote
Term
A cell or organism containing a cell nucleus with multiple chromosomes, a nuclear envelope, and membrane-bound organelles.
Definition
Eukaryote
Term
Two part naming system for naming organisms
Definition
Binomial Nomenclature
Term
The scientific study of fungi
Definition

Mycology

Term
The scientific study of algae
Definition
Phycology
Term
The scientific study of the structure and function of the immune system
Definition
Immunology
Term
The scientific study of viruses
Definition
Virology
Term
The commercial application of genetic engineering using living organisms
Definition
Biotechnology
Term
The study of the environment
Definition
Ecology
Term
Standard reference book to identify and classify bacteria through the use of dichotomous keys.
Definition
Bergey's Manual
Term
What are the available magnifications on a compound microscope?
Definition
10x 40x 100x
Term
How do you determine the total magnification on a microscope?
Definition
The occulars x the objectives
Term
Microscopy in which visible light passes directly through the lenses and specimen.
Definition
Light microscopy
Term
Microscopy that uses a special condenser and objective lenses. Condenser splits the light beam and throws the light rays slightly out of phase. Allows scientists to observe organisms alive and unstained when suspended in water.
Definition
Phase-contrast Microscopy
Term
Microscopy that uses a special condeser lens under the stage. Condenser scatters light and causes it to hit the specimen from the side. Only light bouncing off the specimen makes the specimen visible. Surrounding area appears dark.
Definition
Dark-field Microscopy
Term
Microscopy in which fluorescent dyes are used
Definition
Fluorescence microscopy
Term
What is the highest powered microscope available?
Definition
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Term
Electron microscope used for viewing ultrathin slices of nonliving microorganisms, internal components, and viruses.
Definition
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Term
Electron microscope used for viewing surfaces and textures on nonliving microorganisms, cell components, and viruses.
Definition
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Term
Microscope capable of magnifying 100x-200,000x
Definition
TEM
Term
Microscope capable of magnifying 10x-20,000x
Definition
SEM
Term
The ability to stay in focus despite changing the magnification of the objectives
Definition
Parafocal
Term
A measure of the light-bending ability of a substance
Definition
Refractive index
Term
What is the magnification of the oil objective?
Definition
100x
Term
What kind of staining is it when the sample is flooded with a basic dye
Definition
Simple staining
Term
What color will gram-positive bacteria stain?
Definition
Blue-purple
Term
What color will gram-negative bacteria stain?
Definition
Orangish-red/pink
Term
What does the oil do for the oil immersion lens?
Definition
It bends the light and redirects it back into the objective so light is lost.
Term
How can we identify unknown bacteria?
Definition
Observe under microscope, determine pro vs. euk, use the dichotomous key, determine the cellular morphology (the form and structure of cells), look at where genetic material is, metabolism
Term
Why do we stain organisms?
Definition
Colorless cells are hard to see, also kills organisms.
Term
What is the approx. size of bacterial organisms?
Definition
approx. 100 nm to 10 um's
Term
What does the scientific method consist of? (5 steps)
Definition

1. Make observations

2. Propose a hypothesis to explain observations or predict an outcome

3. Test hypothesis

4. Decide whether to accept or reject the hypothesis

5. If necessary, propose and test a new hypothesis

Term
Positively charged particles that are found in the atomic nucleus
Definition
Protons
Term
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called
Definition
isotopes
Term
This type of bond involves the attraction of a partially positive hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to one other polar molecule toward another polar molecule having either a partially negative oxygen atom or nitrogen atom.
Definition
Hydrogen bond
Term
The electrical attraction between oppositely charged ions
Definition
Ionic bond
Term
Chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
Definition
Covalent bond
Term
Bond formed by the unequal sharing of an electron pair.
Definition
Polar covalent bond
Term

Name the following chemical reaction:

 

A+B = AB

Definition
Synthesis
Term

Name the following chemical reaction:

 

AB = A+B

Definition
Decomposition
Term

Name the following chemical reaction:

 

A+BC = AC+B

Definition
Substitution
Term

Name the following chemical reaction:

 

When H+ ion is donated or combines with H+

Definition
Acid-Base reaction
Term

Name the following chemical reaction:

 

Involves the transfer of electrons between chemicals

Definition
Redox reaction
Term

What is a neutral pH?

 

Acidic?

 

Basic?

Definition

7 = neutral

 

<7 = acidic

 

>7= basic

Term
Substances that absorb -OH and H+ and resist pH change?
Definition
Buffers
Term
What do most biological buffers consist of?
Definition
A weak acid and a weak base.
Term
Redox Reactions?
Definition
LEO says GER
Term
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?
Definition

Monosaccharides (one sugar) - simple

Disaccharides (2 sugars) - simple

Polysaccharides (many sugars) - complex

Term
What kind of carbohydrate is glucose?
Definition
Monosaccharide
Term
Nonpolar organic compounds that are hydrophobic. Consist of a glycerol head that is hydrophilic and a hydrophobic fatty acid tail. Form the phospholipid bilayer of membranes
Definition
Lipids
Term
A fatty acid that contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms extending from the carbon backbone. No double covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
Definition
Saturated lipid
Term
Fatty acid which contains less than the maximum hydrogen atoms. Contains one or more double covalent bonds between a few carbon atoms.
Definition
Unsaturated lipid
Term

Lipid consisting of a 3 carbon glycerol molecule and up to 3 long-chain fatty acids.

 

Definition
Triglyceride
Term
What are the three things that make up a nucleotide?
Definition

1. Nitrogen Base

2. Phosphate

3. Ribose-carbon

Term
____ are polymers built from nitrogen-containing monomers called ____ _____
Definition
Proteins; Amino Acids
Term
What is the cellular structure that is made of RNA and protein that participates in protein synthesis?
Definition
Ribosome
Term
What are the two types of nucleic acids that the genetic instructions for living organisms are composed of?
Definition

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

&

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Term

Identify the structure level of protein indicated:

 

The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

Definition
Primary
Term

Identify the structure level of protein indicated:

 
Polypeptides have regions folded into a corkscrew shape or alpha helix. Beta pleated sheet.
Definition
Secondary structure
Term

Identify the structure level of protein indicated:

 
Three dimensional shape that is folded and has bonding between R groups on amino acids in the polypeptide chain
Definition
Tertiary
Term

Identify the structure level of protein indicated:

 
Two or more folded polypeptides bonded together
Definition
Quaternary
Term
Nucleic Acid that stores and encodes the heredity information
Definition
DNA
Term
Nucleic Acid that transmits the information to make proteins, control genes, and helps regulate genetic activity
Definition
RNA
Term
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
Definition
DNA converts to RNA through TRANSCRIPTION. RNA is then TRANSLATED to protein.
Term

Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?

 

Has a nucleus with linear chromosomes-homologous pairs. Undergoes mitosis and meiosis.

Definition
Eukaryotic
Term

Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?

 
Has a plasma membrane that consists of lipids, cholesterol, is semipermeable, proteins, and protects membrane bound organelles
Definition
Eukaryotic
Term
What does selectively permeable mean? And what does it refer to?
Definition
It is when a cell's membrane allows the passage of some molecules while blocking the access of others.
Term
What is the plasma membrane composed of?
Definition

Phospholipid bilayer

Glycerol head: hydrophillic

Tails: hydrophobic

Term
What role do proteins play in the cell membrane?
Definition
They allow certain molecules to pass through the membrane quickly.
Term
Molecules floating through the air from area of high concentration to low concentration, what kind of diffusion?
Definition
Simple diffusion
Term
When protein pores are used to diffuse molecules, what type of diffusion?
Definition
Facilitative diffusion
Term
Diffusion of water
Definition
Osmosis
Term
When energy is being used to move molecules across the membrane what type of transport is this known as?
Definition
Active transport
Term
Pumps and pores are examples of what kind of transport?
Definition
Active transport
Term
When a cell takes in material by surrounding it with it's membrane and the gulping it
Definition
Endocytosis
Term
When a cell "eats" solid material
Definition
Phagocytosis
Term
When a cell "eats" liquid
Definition
Pinocytosis
Term
The substance inside of the plasma membrane and outside of the nucleus
Definition
Cytoplasm
Term
The fluid portion of the cytoplasm is known as
Definition
Cytosol
Term
The microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules in the cytoplasm are known as the
Definition
cytoskeleton
Term
Where are ribosomes found in cells? 2 locations.
Definition

Endoplasmic reticulum

Free floating

Term
What is the site of protein synthesis?
Definition
Ribosomes
Term
Where does ATP synthesis occur?
Definition
Mitochondria
Term
What is the external motile structure found in bacteria?
Definition
Flagella
Term
Where does metabolism occur?
Definition
In the cytoplasm
Term
How many genes are found in human mitochondria?
Definition
37 genes
Term
What structure found in plants is similar to mitochondria?
Definition
Chloroplasts. Have own DNA, produce O2. Have a cell wall. 1-20 um's. Reproduce by pinching off.
Term

Structure found in plants, algae, fungus

Composed of carbohydrates such as cellulose, chitin, glucan

Definition
Cell Wall
Term
States that organelles (DNA containing) in eukaryotes were one bacteria. Prokaryotes became residents of eukaryotes.
Definition
Endosymbiotic Theory
Term
What kinds of cells are flagella found in?
Definition
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Term
Where is cilia found? (which type of cell)
Definition
Eukaryotes only
Term
No chlorophyll, contain chitin, can be single celled or very complex multicellular organisms, heterotrophic.
Definition
Fungus, yeasts, mold
Term
What is the single cell stage of fungus known as?
Definition
Yeast
Term
What type of organism has a cell wall composed of chitin?
Definition
Fungus
Term
What type of organism is saprophytic? (feeds on dead organic matter such as rotting wood or compost)
Definition
Fungus
Term
What are the two phases that fungi has??
Definition
Vegatative (growth) and Reproduction
Term
What are the masses of intertwined tubular filaments that together form a mold called?
Definition
Hyphae
Term
A thick mass of hyphae/the mass seen with the unaided eye that generally has a rough, cottony texture is known as:
Definition
Mycelium
Term
When hyphal cross walls divide the cytoplasm into seperate "cells", the fungus is known as what?
Definition
Septate
Term
Nonseptate hyphae are called what?
Definition
Coenocytic
Term
When a mold can take on one form while it is being grown but when exposed to room temperature, they convert to another structure it is known as being:
Definition
Dimorphic
Term
The process of spore formation is known as:
Definition
Sporulation
Term
The ability of a disease-causing agent to gain entry to a host and bring about a physiological or anatomical change interpreted as disease
Definition
Pathogenicity
Term
What organism is more closely related to animals than plants?
Definition
Algae
Term
How do fungi reproduce?
Definition
Sexually 
Asexually (sporangiospores, conidiosphores)
Term
Unicellular, Eukaryotic organisms are known as:
Definition
Protozoan's
Term
"Tiny Animals" Multicelluar animals; nematodes. Parasitic
Definition
Helminths
Term
Decomposers, mutualistic relationships with humans, found wherever nutrients are available: soil, decaying material, food, lichens, plant roots, living tissue
Definition
Fungus
Term
Which organisms prefer a slightly acidic environment at 23 celsius or 37 celsius? Also some like an anaerobic environment?
Definition
Fungus
Term
What is the human pathogenic form of yeast?
Definition
Candida albicans
Term
What is saccharomyces cervesiae?
Definition
Form of yeast that bread and beer are created from
Term
Which form of fungus can form pseudohyphae?
Definition
Yeast
Term

Septate or Nonseptate?

Found in soil, spores released to the air. Rhizopus arrhizus. Causes mucormycosis (fungal infection of mucus membranes)

Definition
Nonseptate
Term

Septate or Nonseptate?

Ascomycota: penicillium and aspergillus. Biggest role as decomposers. Includes pathogen of multistate outbreak of fungal meningitis (exserohilum)
Definition
Septate
Term
What is ringworm (dermatophytosis) caused by?
Definition
Fungal infection
Term
Euglena, dinoflagellates, diatoms, brown, red, and green are all examples of what?
Definition
Algae
Term
Found in freshwater, marine water, and soil?
Definition
Algae
Term
Can be both photosynthetic or heterotrophic?
Definition
Algae
Term
What is it called when many algal blooms release toxins?
Definition
Red tide
Term
Where are a large volume of diatoms found?
Definition
Ocean floor
Term
Type of algae that have a flagella that is transverse and one that comes out of the end? Unicellular
Definition
Dinoflagellates
Term

What are the following classified as?

Amoeba

Apicomplexa

Flagellates

Cillates

Definition
Protozoa
Term
Unicellular eukaryotic microbes that are usually motile (about 65,000 species) Lack cell walls. Mostly heterotrophic, some are parasitic.
Definition
Protozoa
Term

What are the following diseases caused by?

 

Dysentary (entameoba histolytica)

Malaria (Plasmodium) 

Trichomanosis (STD)

Chagas disease (Tripanosomes)

Definition
Parasitic protozoa
Term
What are the two groups of parasitic helminths?
Definition

Flatworms (includes tapeworms)

Roundworms

Term
Single celled, nucleoid region (no nucleus), circular chromosome & plasmid, cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasma membrane
Definition
Prokaryotes
Term
Where is the genetic material found in a prokaryotic cell?
Definition
Nucleoid region, no nucleus
Term
What is the nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell like?
Definition
circular, super-coiled. Contains DNA double helix.
Term
What is a plasmid and where is if found?
Definition
Tiny circle piece of DNA, seperate from the nucleoid region. Some prokaryotes have many.
Term
Where are plasmids found in prokaryotes?
Definition
The cytoplasm
Term
How many parts do ribosomes in prokaryotes have?
Definition
2
Term
What are ribosomes in prokaryotes designated?
Definition
70s (50s subunit+30s subunit)
Term
What is the function of ribosomes?
Definition
To create polypeptides/proteins
Term
What is the main function of a bacterial cell wall? And what are the two main types?
Definition

To support and protect the cell

Gram +, Gram -

Term
What is the layer that is found in bacterial cell walls that helps to determine whether it is + or -?
Definition
Peptidoglycan
Term

Gram + or Gram -?

 

1.Selectively permeable membrane

2.Thin layer of peptidoglycan

3.Have a thin lipid/fat membrane on the outside

(also have LPL's [lipopolysaccharides] on the outside)

Definition
Gram -
Term

Gram + or Gram -?

 

1.Selectively permeable membrane

2.Very thick peptidoglycan layer

(also have L. acids)

Definition
Gram +
Term

Gram + or Gram -?

 

E.Coli

Definition
Gram -
Term

Gram + or Gram -?

 

Staphylococcus Aureus

Definition
Gram +
Term

Gram + or Gram -?

 

Stains pink

Definition
Gram -
Term

Gram + or Gram -?

 

Stains purple

Definition
Gram +
Term
Selectively permeable, no cholesterols (instead has hopanoids), allows both passive diffusion and active transport; what type of membrane is this?
Definition
Cytoplasmic membrane or PM
Term
What do pores in a cell membrane allow for?
Definition
Active transport of proteins and other large molecules
Term
When both the inside and outside of a cell have ions and water that is balanced. What is this called?
Definition
Homeostasis
Term
The movement of ions across a membrane is known as what?
Definition
Diffusion
Term
The movement of water across a membrane is known as what?
Definition
Osmosis
Term
When water rushes into the cell because there are more ions outside it is known as?
Definition
Hypotonic
Term
When water rushes out because the inside of the cell has less ions than the outside?
Definition
Hypertonic
Term
Straight rod, club-shaped rod, branching rod, comma forms, spore forming rod, spiral forms, coccus are all examples of?
Definition
Bacterial (cellular) morphology
Term
Cluster, tetrad, chain, diplococci are all examples of?
Definition
Cell arrangment
Term
What are bacilli typically found in chains known as?
Definition
Strepto
Term
What are cocci usually found in a cluster known as?
Definition
Staphylo
Term
Extension on outside of cell. Involved in identifyiung niche. Help chemically identify where they should be living. Attach to cells that they will infect.
Definition
Pili (fimbriae)
Term
Glycocalyx is composed of what 2 things?
Definition
Capsule and slime layer
Term
What is the slime layer composed of?
Definition
Many loose sugars.
Term
What is the importance of a cellular capsule?
Definition
Protects cell against our immune system. Helps it attach to things better.
Term
What structure helps cells move?
Definition
Flagella!
Term
The ability to move towards or away from objects using chemical gradient
Definition
Chemotaxis
Term
How fast can flagella move?
Definition
Up tp 1,000 rpms in one way
Term
What does "run and tumble" refer to?
Definition
The way that flagella move bacteria
Term
What structure in bacteria help them to survive and find food?
Definition
Flagella
Term
Involves the ability of bacterial cells to sense their numbers by producing and responding to extracellular chemicals. This occurs in densely packed areas.
Definition
Quorum sensing (QS)
Term
Where is Quorum sensing found?
Definition
Densely packed areas such as a biofilm
Term
How many major phyla do archaea have?
Definition
2
Term
How many major phyla do bacteria have?
Definition
>70
Term
Archaea found in extreme environments are known as:
Definition
Extremophiles
Term
What organism has a cell wall composed of pseudopeptidoglycan? Cell membrane can be bilayer or monolayer.
Definition
Archaea
Term
Archaea found in extremely salty environments?
Definition
Halophiles
Term
Archaea found in extremely hot environments?
Definition
Thermophiles
Term
The breakdown of proteins is known as?
Definition
Denaturation
Term
Thermas aquaticus (TAQ) has an enzyme that allows itself to replicate itself under high temperatures. (archaea) This is used in what important scientific technique?
Definition
PCR
Term
Which type of microscope would you use to study the chemical structure of an archaean cell wall?
Definition
TEM
Term
What is an example of photosynthetic bacteria?
Definition
Cyanobacteria
Term
What oxygenated the earth?
Definition
Cyanobacteria
Term
Where are actinomycetes and stretomyces (antibiotics) found?
Definition
Soil
Term
Bacteria that is naturally found on our skin is known as what?
Definition
Human microbiota
Term
Set of organisms that live on another organism?
Definition
Microbiota
Term
Where do babies acquire their microbiota?
Definition
Their mommy (:
Term
Outer ear, nasal cavity, upper respiratory tract, openings, gastrointestinal tract, skin, uriogenital are all examples where what is found?
Definition
Microbiota
Term
Densely packed communities of microbial cells that grow on living or inert surfaces and surrond themselves with secreted polymers?
Definition
Biofilm
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