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el trabajo/puesto de tiempo completo/parcial |
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pedir (e-->i) (dinero) prestado/-a |
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jubilarse (la jubilación) |
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Present tense:
regular present endings |
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Definition
- -ar
- -er
- -ir (same as -en except in nosotros and vosotros)
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Term
Present tense:
Irregulars |
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Definition
- ser - to be
- soy
- eres
- es
- somos
- sois
- son
- estar - to be
- estoy
- estás
- está
- estamos
- estáis
- están
- ir - to go
- voy
- vas
- va
- vamos
- vais
- van
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Term
Present tense:
Irregular yo |
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Definition
conducir - to drive --> conduzco
conocer - to know [by experience] --> conozco
poner - to place, put --> pongo
decir - to say --> digo
oír - to hear -->oigo
tener - to have --> tengo
venir - to come --> vengo
hacer - to do, make --> hago
salir - to leave, go out --> salgo
traer - to bring --> traigo
caer - caigo --> caigo
ver - to see --> veo
saber --> sé
dar - to give --> doy |
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Present tense:
stem changing verbs |
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Definition
e --> ie (ex: preferir, querer, comenzar, despertar, empezar, hervir, pensar, sentar, sentir)
e --> i (ex: servir, (des)pedir, (con)seguir)
o --> ue (ex: dormir, mover, acostar, moler, poder, volver)
u --> ue (ex: jugar)
*when an -ir verb ends in a vowel, i --> y except in nosotros/vosotros
(ex: construir-->construyo, construyes,...constriumos...;
oír-->oigo, oyes,...oímos, oís, oyen) |
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list the indirect object pronouns |
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Definition
me (a mí)
te (a tí)
le (a el/ella/ud.)
nos (a nosotros/-as)
os (a vosotros/-as)
les (a ellos/ellas/uds.)
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Term
Imperfect
Imperfect -ar and -er/ir conjugations |
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Definition
- -ar
- -aba
- -abas
- -aba
- ábamos
- -abais
- -aban
- -er/-ir
- -ía
- -ías
- -ía
- -íamos
- -íais
- -ían
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Term
Imperfect
irregular imperfect verbs |
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Definition
- ir
- iba
- ibas
- iba
- ibamos
- ibais
- iban
- ser
- era
- eras
- era
- éramos
- erais
- eran
- ver
- veía
- veías
- veía
- veíamos
- veíais
- veían
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Term
Preterite
regular preterite -ar and -er/-ir conjugations |
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Definition
- -ar
- -é
- -aste
- -ó
- amos
- asteis
- aron
- -er/-ir
- -í
- -iste
- -ió
- imos
- isteis
- ieron
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Preterite
preterite stem changes |
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Definition
no -ar or -er changes, only -ir in the third person singular and plural (e-->o, o-->u) |
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Preterite
preterite changes in -car,-gar, & -zar verbs |
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Definition
only in yo form
-car --> qu
-gar --> gu
-zar --> c |
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Preterite
preterite changes in -aer, -eer, -oír, -oer, & -uir |
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Definition
For verbs that end in -aer, -eer, -oír,-oer & -uir:
- the third person singular uses the ending "-yó" (rather than ió)
- third person plural uses the ending "-yeron" (rather than ieron).
- remaining forms gain a "í" (except for -uir verbs in which this only occurs in yo form)
ex:
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creer
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huí huiste huyó huimos huisteis huyeron
*exceptions: traer, atraer distraer |
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Preterite
irregular preterite |
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Definition
- estar: estuv- (-e, -iste, -o, -imos, -isteis, -ieron)
- poder: pud- " "
- poner: pus- " "
- querer: quis- " "
- saber: sup- " "
- tener: tuv- " "
- venir: vin- " "
- decir: dij- " "
- traer: traj- " "
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Preterite vs. Imperfect
uses: habitual or repeated action |
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Preterite vs. Imperfect
uses: ongoing action, with mientras |
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Preterite vs. Imperfect
uses: background details or description (time, location, mood, weather, age, mental or physical characteristics) |
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Preterite vs. Imperfect
uses: interrupted action-action that was happening when another action broke continuity |
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Preterite vs. Imperfect
uses: backdrop/setup-describes conditions that led to action, sets stage, ongoing |
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Preterite vs. Imperfect
uses: beginning/end of past action |
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Preterite vs. Imperfect
uses: action that is completed |
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Preterite vs. Imperfect
uses: series of completed actions |
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Preterite vs. Imperfect
uses: interrupting action-action that took place because of a condition already in progress |
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Preterite vs. Imperfect
uses: action "on stage" |
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Preterite vs. Imperfect
Expressions that signal use of preterite |
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Definition
- ayer - yesterday
- la semana pasada - last week
- anoche - last night
- el mes pasado - last month
- el otro día - the other day
- el año pasado - last year
- entonces - then
- hace dos días, años - two days, years ago
- esta mañana - this morning
- ayer por la mañana - yesterday morning
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Preterite vs. Imperfect
Expressions that signal use of imperfect |
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Definition
- a menudo- often
- generalmente - usually
- a veces - sometimes
- muchas veces - many times
- cada día - every day
- siempre - always
- cada año - every year
- todo el tiempo - all the time
- de vez en cuando - from time to time
- varias veces - several times
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Term
Ud./Uds Commands:
Formation of Affirmative ud./uds commands |
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Definition
Derived from present tense “yo” form
-ar: -o à -e, -en
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-er/-ir: -o à -a, -an
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hablar: hablo àhable
hablen
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comer: como à coma
coman
escribir: escribo à escriba
escriban
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Ud./uds. Command:
Stem changes |
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Definition
Stem changed exist in all forms
ex: a. pensar à piensa, piensan
b. volver à vuelva, vuelvan
c. pedir à pida, pidan
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Ud./Uds Commands:
Changes in certain verb endings |
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Definition
verbs ending in-car, -gar, or -zar have a spelling change to preserve the -c-, -g-, and -z- sounds
1. c à qu
a. buscar > busque, busquen
2. g à gu
a. pagar > pague, paguen
3. z à c
a. empezar > empiece, expiecen |
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Ud/uds Commands:
Irregulars |
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Definition
verbs with irregular "yo" in present form are shown in command
ex:
1. conocer: conozco à conozca (ud.)
2. decir: digo à diga (ud.)
other irregulars
1. dar à dé, dén
2. estar à esté, estén
3. ir à vaya, vayan
4. saber à sepa, sepan
5. ser à sea, sean
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Tu Commands:
Formation of affirmative |
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Definition
Most affirmative tú commands have the same form as el/ella/ud. in present tense
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Definition
1. Decir à di
2. Hacer à haz
3. Poner à pon
4. Salir à sal
5. Ser à se
6. Tenir à ten
7. Venir à ven |
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Past Participle/Perfect tense:
irregular past participles |
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Definition
- abrir (to open): abierto
- cubrir (to cover): cubierto
- decir (to stay): dicho
- escribir (to write): escrito
- hacer (to do, make): hecho
- morir (to die): muerto
- poner (to put, place): puesto
- resolver (to resolve): resuelto
- romper (to break): roto
- ver (to see): visto
- volver (to return): vuelto
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Term
Present Perfect Indicative |
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Definition
haber + past participle (-ado/-ido)
- he ___-ado/-ido
- has ___-ado/-ido
- ha ___-ado/-ido
- hemos ___-ado/-ido
- habéis ___-ado/-ido
- han ___-ado/-ido
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Term
Present Perfect Subjunctive |
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Definition
subjunctive haber + past participle (-ado/-ido)
- haya ___-ado/-ido
- hayas ___-ado/-ido
- haya ___-ado/-ido
- hayamos ___-ado/-ido
- hayáis ___-ado/-ido
- hayan ___-ado/-ido
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Past Participle/Perfect tense:
the basic formation of the past participle |
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Definition
- -ar → -ado
- -er/-ir → -ido
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Past Participle/Perfect tense:
irregularity of -er/-ir verbs with stems ending in -a,-e, or -o |
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Definition
an accent mark is used
ex:
- caer: caído
- creer: creído
- leer: leído
- oír: oído
- (son)reír: (son)reído
- traer: traído
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Future tense:
Forming the future |
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Definition
The following endings are added onto the indicative to express that things will or are going to happen
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Definition
1. caber: cabr-
2. decir: dir-
3. haber (hay): habr-
4. hacer: har-
5. poder: podr-
6. poner: pondr-
7. querer: querr-
8. saber: sabr-
9. salir: saldr-
10. tener: tendr-
11. venir: vendr-
12. valer: valdr- |
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Si + past subjunctive, conditional |
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Present Subjunctive:
Formation of present subjunctive |
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Definition
Comes from present indicative “yo” stem
-ar à e
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-er/-ir àa
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-e
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-a
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-es
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-as
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-e
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-a
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-emos
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-amos
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-éis
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-áis
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-en
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-an
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Present Subjunctive:
Irregular |
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Definition
1. dar: dé, des, dé, deis, den
2. estar: esté,….
3. haber: haya,….
4. ir: vaya,…
5. saber: sepa, …
6. ser: sea, ….. |
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Present Subjunctive:
Stem changes |
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Definition
1.
-ar and -er stem changing verbs follow present indicative stem changes.
a. pensar (eàie)
piense
pienses
piense
pensamos
penséis
piensen
b. poder (oàue)
pueda
puedas
pueda
podamos
podáis
puedan
-ir stem changing verbs show a change in the four forms that have a change in the present indicative. In addition, they show a second stem change in nosotros and vosotros, the same change that occurs in present participle and in third person preterite. (oàue, eài)
c. Dormer (oàue)(u): duerma, duermas, duerma durmamos, durmáis, duerman
d. Pedir (eài)(i): pida, ……..pidamos,…..pidan
e. Preferir (eàie)(i): prefiera,…prefiramos,…prefieran
Like preterite, the subjunctive changes –car, -gar, and-zar to preserve their repective sounds
-car: c à qu
f. Buscar (càqu): busque, …busquemos,…busquen
-gar: g à gu
a. Pagar (gàgu): pague,…paguemos,…paguen
-zar: z à c
b. Empezar (zàc): empiece,….empiecemos,….empiecen
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Past Subjunctive:
Formation of the past subjunctive |
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Definition
-a
-as
-a
-amos
-ais
-an
Add these endings to the third person plural of the preterite, minus its preterite ending (ex: hablar: hablaron-->hablara; comer: comieron --> comiera) |
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Conditional:
basic formation |
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Definition
-ía
- ías
-ía
- íamos
- íais
- ían |
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Definition
same as future, just with different endings
1. caber: cabr-
2. decir: dir-
3. haber (hay): habr-
4. hacer: har-
5. poder: podr-
6. poner: pondr-
7. querer: querr-
8. saber: sabr-
9. salir: saldr-
10. tener: tendr-
11. venir: vendr-
valer: valdr- |
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