Term
|
Definition
| -decrease in red blood cell mass |
|
|
Term
| What do we use clinically to "diagnose" anemia? |
|
Definition
-PCV = percentage of whole blood composed of erythrocytes
-HCT = calculated value |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs typical of anemia? |
|
Definition
-lethargy
-excercise intolerance
-weakness
-collapse
-pica (mainly cats)
-icterus
-bleeding |
|
|
Term
| What does anemia look like on a physical exam? |
|
Definition
-pale (pallor) or pale pink
-icterus
-tachycardia
-tachypnea
-bounding pulses
-heart murmur (physiologic): at anemia < 25%, left basilar
-weakness |
|
|
Term
| What is the first diagnostic test we run on an anemic patient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What other tests are important in anemia cases? |
|
Definition
-PCV and hematocrit
-RBC indices: MCV & MCHC
-RBC morphology
-Reticulocyte count: regen vs non-regen |
|
|
Term
| What comes back in a chem panel? |
|
Definition
-TP
-Bilirubin
-kidney values
-electrolytes |
|
|
Term
| What are the Ddx of anemia that you check with abdominal rads? |
|
Definition
-zinc toxicity (penny ingestion)
-peritoneal effusion
-abdominal mass |
|
|
Term
| What are the top anemia Ddx with thoracic rads? |
|
Definition
-pulmonary hemorrhage
-pleural effusion
-neoplasia |
|
|
Term
| What Ddx do we check with an abdominal ultrasound? |
|
Definition
-mass
-GI ulceration
-peritoneal effusion |
|
|
Term
| What is hte major differential for anemia in dogs? How do we test for it? |
|
Definition
-slide agglutination
0diect Coomb's test
-RBC surface antibody test (flow cytometry) |
|
|
Term
| What is the major infectious differential for anemia in cats? How do we test for it? |
|
Definition
-FeLV/FIV
-vector-borne disease testing & fecal flotation |
|
|
Term
| Are bone marrow diseases typically regenerative or non-regenerative anemias? |
|
Definition
| -typically non-regenerative |
|
|
Term
| How do we differentiate regenerative and non-regenerative anemias? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two disease processes under regenerative anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 disease processes under non-regenerative anemia? |
|
Definition
-pre-regenerative
-secondary bone marrow
-primary bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on the CBC.chem results of a regenerative anemia? |
|
Definition
-RBC indices: macrocytic, hypochromic
-reticulocytosis, polychromasia, nRBC |
|
|
Term
| What are the CBC/chem results of a non-regenerative anemia? |
|
Definition
| -RBC indices: normocytic, normochromic, microcytic, hypochromic |
|
|
Term
| Are cat anemias more often non-regenerative or regenerative? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause pre-regeneration non-regenerative anemia? How do you determine this? |
|
Definition
-acute blood loss & acute hemolysis
-good history, re-eval of retic count, how sick are htye? |
|
|
Term
| What are the three categories of non-regenerative anemia? |
|
Definition
-pre-regeneration
-primary bone marrow
-secondary bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 common types of primary bone marrow disease? What can cause them? |
|
Definition
-Erythroid hypoplasia/aplasia: immune mediated destruction of RBC precursors, toins/drugs, infections
-Myelophthisis (most common): neoplasia, infection
-Myelofibrosis: diopathic or secondary
-Myelodyspasia |
|
|
Term
| How do we distinguish between erythroid hypoplasia/aplasia and myelophthisis primary bone marrow anemias? |
|
Definition
-Erythroid hypoplasia/aplasia = anemia ONLY
-Myelophthisis = usually other cytopenias |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of secondary bone marrow anemias? |
|
Definition
-anemia of inflammatory disease: anemia of chronic disease (COMMON)
-renal disease
-endocrine disease: hypothyroidism/hypoadrenocorticism
-iron deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What does iron deficiency look like on a CBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does AID look like on a CBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of bone marrow disease does anemia alone on a CBC suggest? What about multiple cytopenias? |
|
Definition
-anemia alone = primary or secondary bone marrow dz
-multiple cytopenias = primary bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| What are the three most common causes of mild anemia? Any exceptions? |
|
Definition
-anemia of inflammatory disease (AID), renal disease, endocrine disease
-exceptions: cats with AID, severe renal disease |
|
|
Term
| What are the common primary bone marrow diseases with a severe anemia? Secondary? |
|
Definition
-erythroid hypoplasia/aplasia, myelophthisis, myelofibrosis, myelodysplasia
-iron deficiency anemia |
|
|
Term
| Past a PT, Chem, and UA, what diagnostics do we use to differentiate the multiple types of anemia? |
|
Definition
| ***Bone marrow aspirate: cellul |
|
|
Term
| What does a bone marrow biopsy tell us? |
|
Definition
| -structure => fibrosis, necrosis, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -IFA or PCR on bone marrow sample |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Direct Coomb's test or RBC surface antibody |
|
|
Term
| What are the general therapies for anemai? |
|
Definition
-blood transfusion
-red blood cell production help: vitamin B12, iron (injection or oral), folic acid/vit B9 (oral), erythropoietin supplementation (injection) |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat the primary bone marrow diseases? |
|
Definition
-Erythroid hypoplasia/aplasia (PRCA): immunosuppressive medications
-Myelophthisis: chemo, antimicrobials/antifungals
-Myelofibrosis: immunosuppressive meds, intermittent blood transfusions |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat the forms of secondary bone marrow anemia? |
|
Definition
-anemia of inflammatory disease (AID): treat underlying disease
-renal disease: erythropoietin supplementation
-endocrine disease: treat underlying disease
-iron deficiency anemia: treat underlying disease, iron supplementation |
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