Term
|
Definition
-continuous with another and the central canal of the spinal cord
-hollow
-filled with CSF
-lined with ependymal cells (ciliated) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-form superior part of brain
-account for 83% of brain mass
-nearly entire surface marked by elevated ridges of tissue=gyri |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-elevated ridges of tissue
-separated by sulci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-shallow grooves
-divide each hemisphere into five lobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-frontal
-parietal
-temporal
-occipital
-insula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -median, large fissure that separates the cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| Transverse Cerebral Fissure |
|
Definition
| -large fissure that separates cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-gray matter
-where conscious mind is found
-all interneurons
-each hemisphere is concerned with functions on opposite sides of the body (contralateral) |
|
|
Term
| Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex |
|
Definition
-Motor
-Sensory
-Association |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Control voluntary movement, lie in posterior part of frontal lobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conscious awareness of sensations that occur in parietal, insular, temporal, and occipital obes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-myelinated fibers bundles into large tracts
-Fibers:association, commissural, projection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connect different parts of same hemisphere, run horizontally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-connect corresponding gray areas of two hemispheres
-allow hemispheres to function as a coordinated whole, run horizontally
-corpus callosum (largest, deep within longitudinal fissure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Enter cortex from lower brain or cord centers or descend from cortex to lower areas
-Run Vertically
-tie cortex to rest of NS and the body's receptors and effectors |
|
|
Term
| Basal Nuclei/Basal Ganglia |
|
Definition
-deep within white matter of each hemisphere
-precise role unknown |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-forms central core of the brain
- surrounded by cerbral hemispheres
-consists of three paired structures: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Relay station for information coming into cortex "gateway"
-sorts and edits information
-deep region
-makes up 80% of diencephalon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-infundibulum: stalk of tissue that connects the pituitary gland tp base of hypothalamus
-roles:
-Controls ANS influencing, blood
pressure, rate and force of heart,
digestive tract mobility, pupil
size
-integrate physical response to
emotions
-regulate body temperature
-water balance and thirst
- regulates sleep-wake cycle
- control endocrine system
functioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most dorsal portion, has pineal gland/body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secretes hormone melatonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-between diencephalon and pons
-corpa quadrigeina- two pairs of sensory neurons
-superior colliculi
-inferior colliculi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-visual reflex centers
-coordinate head and eye movements to visually follow a moving object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Part of Auditory Pathway
-Startle Reflex: Turn head toward unexpected sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-bulging brain stem region
-between midbrain and medulla
-chiefly composed of conduction tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -pyramids, cardiovascular center, respiratory center, "other" centers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-two longitudinal ridges
-formed by pyramidal (corticospinal)
tracts descending from motor cortex
-decussation of the pyramids: crossover
point to opposite side of the
hemispheres, just above medulla-
spinal cord junction, each cerebral
hemisphere controls voluntary
movement of other side of the body |
|
|
Term
| Cardiovascular Center of Medulla |
|
Definition
-cardiac center: adjusts both force and
rate of heart contraction
-vasomotor center: changes blood vessel
diameter to regulate blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory Center of Medulla |
|
Definition
| Controls rate and depth of breathing |
|
|
Term
| Medulla's "other" centers |
|
Definition
| regulate vomiting, hiccups, swallowing, coughing, sneezing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-11% of brain mass
-located dorsal to pons and medulla
-protrudes under occipital lobes
-bilaterally symmetrical
-two cerebellar hemispheres connected
medially by vermis
-lots of gyri, folia
-fissure divides hemispheres
-arbor vitae
-cerebellar peduncle: paired fibers
tracts that connect it to brain stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distinct pattern of white matter in cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connects the two cerebellar hemispheres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Paired fiber tracts that connect cerebellum to brain stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| networks of neurons that work together but span large distances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-group of structures
-located on medial aspect of each
cerebral hemisphere and diencephalon
-emotional/affective/feeling brain
-amygdaloid body
-cingulate gyrus
-role in memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responds to perceived threats, such as angry or fearful facial expressions, reacts with fear or agression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Role in expressing emotions through
gestures
-resolves mental conflict when
frustrated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-extends through central core of
medulla, pons, and mibrain
-composed of loosely clustered neurons
-reticular activating system |
|
|
Term
| Reticular Activating System |
|
Definition
| maintains alert state of cerebral cortex, and filters out some sensory input |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-patterns of neuronal electrical
activity termed brain waves
-each person has a unique pattern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Regular and Rhythmic
-Low amplitude
-Calm, Relaxed state of wakefulness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Rhythmic, but not as regular as alpha
-high frequency
-mentally alert, concentrating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-more irregular
-common in children
-uncommon in awake adults but may
appear when concentrating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-high amplitude waves
-seen during sleep
-indicate brain damage in an awake
adult |
|
|
Term
| Non-Rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep |
|
Definition
-four stages
-first 30-45 minutes
-frequency of EEG waves declines but
amplitude increases |
|
|
Term
| Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep |
|
Definition
-stage of most dreaming
-vital signs increase
-digestive system activity decreases
-skeletal muscles inhibited:prevents us
from acting out our dreams |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bone, Meninges, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Blood-Brain Barrier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three connective tissue membranes; Dura, Arachnoid, Pia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-strongest
-two layers sheet of fibrous connective
tissue
-extends inward in several locations:
form flat partitions that subdivide
cranial cavity and dural septa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more superficial layer, attached to inner surface of the skull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-forms a loose brain covering
-separated from dura mater by narrow
cavity=subdural space
-subarchnoid space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| limit excessive movement of the brain within the cranium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrow cavity that separates the dura mater from the arachnoid mater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-beneath arachnoid membrane
-weblike extensions span the space and
secure arachnoid to underlying pia
-filled with CSF
-contain largest blood vessels serving
the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-delicate connective tissue
-many tiny vessels
-clings tighly to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-found in and around brain and spinal
cord
-forms liquid cushion: reduces brain
weight by 97%, prevents brain from
crushing under own weight
-protects brain and spinal cord from
trauma
-helps nourish brain
-replaced every 8 hours (150 mL)
-choroid plexuses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-forms CSF
-hangs from roof of each ventricle
-cluster of capilarries enclosed by:
pia mater then ependymal cells
-capillaries fairly permeable
-helps cleanse CSF by removing waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Helps maintain stable brain
environment
-Selective barrier:
-nutrients move through freely
- denied: metabolic wastes,
proteins, certain toxins, most
drugs
-ineffective against: fats, fatty
acids, oxygen, carbon dioxide
-how blood-borne alcohol, nicotine, and
anesthetics affect brain |
|
|
Term
| Sensory receptors by stimulus type |
|
Definition
-mechanoreceptors
-thermoreceptors
-photoreceptors
-chemoreceptors
-nociceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to mechanical force (touch, pressure, vibration, stretch) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensitive to temperature changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to potentially damaging stimuli, pain receptors |
|
|
Term
| Sensory receptors classified by location |
|
Definition
-Exteroceptors
-Interoceptors/Visceroceptors
-Proprioceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sensitive to stimulus arising outside
of body
-near or at surface of body
-include: touch, pressure, pain,
temperature receptors in skin, special
senses |
|
|
Term
| Interoceptors/Visceroceptors |
|
Definition
-respond to stimuli within body
-monitor a variety of stimuli: chemical
changes, tissue stretch, temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-also respond to internal stimuli
-location more restricted: skeletal
muscle, tendons, joints, ligaments,
connective tissue covering bones and
mucles
-constantly advising the brain of
movement |
|
|
Term
| Classification by Receptor Structure |
|
Definition
-Simple Receptors
-Complex Receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found throughout body, monitor most general sensory information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with special senses: visoin, hearing, smell, taste, equillibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-surround each axon
-encloses associated schwann cells
-loose connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-binds together into bundles; fascicles
-coarser connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fibrous sheath
-encloses all fascicles |
|
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