Term
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Definition
| although they plow fields, provide milk and manure etc. they cannot be eaten and this is considered irrational because people in India are so poor |
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Term
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Definition
-Hindu religion based on the concept of Ahimsa
-Ahimsa: belief in non-violence toward all living things
-cattle are protected by this belief (cannot be killed or eaten) |
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Term
| Economic Systems in Varying Societies |
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Definition
-adapted to socio-cultural and environmental conditions
-non-industrialized: communical, cooperation, redistribution/reciprocity, common property rights
-industrialized: individual, competition, max profits, individual property rights |
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Term
| Evaluating Economic Systems |
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Definition
-Regulation of Resources:how resources are controlled/allocated, communally manage resources without depleting them (maine lobstermen)
-production: how material resources are converted into usable commodities (papua new guinea resources)
-exchange: how commodities, once produced, are distributed in a community (reciprocity, distribution, bartering) e.g. potlatch |
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Term
| Goals of Contract Anthropology |
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Definition
| conserve/protect cultural resources from potential disturbance/destruction |
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Term
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Definition
| burial ritual for the dead |
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Term
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Definition
| burning ritual for the dead |
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Term
| Stages of Body Decomposition |
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Definition
1) autolysis (0-3 days)
2) putrefaction (4-10 days)
3) black putrefaction (10-20 days) |
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Term
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Definition
| the circumstances under which an individual lived or died have the capacity to drastically change how their remains are treated, archaeologists use it to assign individual social importance, can be both material and spacial |
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Term
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Definition
-found july, 1996, remains in mud
-caucasoid male, 40-55, 5'9" tall
-numerous healed injuries
-had indigenous stone lodged in pelvis
-tests indicated sample to be 9500 years old
-Many people tried to claim him
-according to the NAGPRA if human remains are found on federal lands, they belong to the tribe that lives on them
-the Umatilla tribe tried to claim him and were denied
-now at Burke Museum at the Univ. of Washington |
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Term
| Events Surrounded Interment and Cremation |
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Definition
-before the event: preparation of body, preparation of ritual space, collection and preparation of ritual objects
-after the event: periods of mourninggs/other modified behavior, redistribution of wealth or status, potential for interaction with the deceased |
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Term
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Definition
-protects Native American and non-Native American remains, funerary/ceremonial objections, repositries for human remains (tombs, burial grounds etc)
-gives tribal entities authority over such entities
-not a perfect system |
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Term
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Definition
| the measurement of human skulls |
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Term
| What determines Social Inequality? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Egalitarian: recognizes few differences in prestige, wealth and power
Ranked: peeople have unequal access to prestige but equal access to wealth and power
Stratified: societies with considerable inequality between members |
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Term
| Native vs Non-Native Burials |
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Definition
| native burial findings have to be returned to tribe, even though which tribe is sometimes known, so there is controversy between them |
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Term
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Definition
-in burlington, vermont
-bodies found while the sidewalks were bing moved
-thought to be from civil or rev. war (?)
-moved to graveyards |
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Term
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Definition
| something made of bone (e.g. chandelier and church) |
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Term
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Definition
-preserved bodies
-donated bodies' names aren't displayed, so that donations are made for science, not for fame |
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Term
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Definition
societies n which people have differential access to valued resources, prestige, wealth and political power
-societies emerge from intensive agriculture, property, competition, large populations, labor specialization
-stratification produces social classes |
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Term
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Definition
a social grouping determined byb irth, achievement or both
-elites: people in a stratified society who have privileges common people don't
-class identified by language, dress, manners, occupation, belief, dress, race, ethnicity etc. |
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Term
| Achieved vs. Ascribed Status |
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Definition
Achieved: acquired throughout a lifetime
Ascribed: a social position obtained at birth
e.g. caste system of india |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of upward social mobility found in contemporary India, whereby people born into lower castes can achieve higher status by taking on some of the behaviors and practices of the highest caste |
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Term
| Caste System of India (pages 290-293) |
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Definition
-castes=varnas
-varnas: caste groups in Hindu India associated with a certain occupation
-castes are: endogaous, unchangeable, hierarchal, defines occupation, have different social functions
-characteristics:
1) Brahmins: priests, cooks, scholars
2) Kshatriyas: warriors
3) Vaishyas: merchants, traders
4) Shudras: artisans, farmers etc
5) Untouchables: sewer/filth cleaners, musicians |
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Term
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Definition
| a subgroup whose members share a greater number of physical traits with one another than other groups |
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Term
| Problems with Racial Categories |
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Definition
-certain groups are misrepresented/ not represented
-a society's prejudice influences categories
-results can be interpreted by skin color vs. socio-cultural economic factors |
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Term
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Definition
the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race
-is sometimes used to distinguish "inferior" from "superior"
-usually includes prejudice and discrimination |
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Term
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Definition
-people with similar heritages tend to congregate together
-hierarchy changes across societies
-attributes/values associated with race vary cross culturally |
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Term
| Race: Biological or Cultural? |
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Definition
race is cultural because:
-human gorups always overlap
-physical characteristics are found in a continuum
-no absolute biological differences that allow for objective categories
-physical features can be misleading |
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Term
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Definition
| social category based on a complex mix of ancestry, culture and self identification, reflecting ancestry, cultural heritage, nation, immigration and travel |
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Term
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Definition
| the maximum number of people a given society can support, given the available resources |
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Term
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Definition
humans have adapted to different climates by adjusting their diet, food finding skills, etc.
-technology main part of adaption |
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Term
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Definition
| a stage in human cultural evolution characterized by the transition from hunting/gathering to the domestication of plants and animals |
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Term
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Definition
| rules adopted by all societies that govern the regulation/control of such resources as land, water, and their by products |
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Term
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Definition
| the acadeic discipline that studies systems of production, tribution, and consumption in the industrialized world |
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Term
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Definition
| a branch of anthropology that looks at systems of production, tribution, and consumption in the non-industrialized world |
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Term
| Ecnomics vs. Other Food-Getting Techniques |
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Definition
food collectors don't own their land
-follow migratory patterns of animals
-defending/claiming territory difficult without modern technology |
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Term
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Definition
| a process whereby goods are obtained from natural environments and altered to become consumable goods for society |
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Term
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Definition
| self-made leaders widely found in Malaysia and New Guinea, who gain prominence by convincing their followers to contribute excess food to provide feasts for other Big Men and Women |
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Term
| Resources after Procurement |
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Definition
| some resources are consumed for subsistence needs, other are used for profit or given to others |
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Term
| Domestication: for better or worse? |
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Definition
each food-procuring strategy has pros and cons
-domestication seems more civilized but also has drawbacks |
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Term
| Agriculture vs Horticulture |
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Definition
H: populations are mobile and small, land is readily available, multicropping, family-based labor, surplus products are low, inputs local
A: populations are sedentary and increase in size, land may be scarce, monocroping, wage/hired labor, surplus accumulated, inputs are external |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of small-scale crop cultivation characterized by simple technology and absence of irrigation |
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Term
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Definition
-finding food (hunting/gathering
-growing food (horticulture, agriculture, pastoralism) |
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Term
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Definition
| a food-getting strategy on animal husbandry--found in regions of the world that are generally unsuited for agriculture |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of food production that requires intensive working of the land with plows and draft animals and the use of techniques of soil and water control |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of subsistance that relies on the procurement of animal and plant resources found in then natural environment |
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Term
| Swidden aka Shifting Cultivation aka Horticulture |
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Definition
-a form of plant cultivation in which seeds are planted on fertile soil and prepared by mulching the natural vegetation, relatively short periods of cultivation are followed by longer periods of fallow, fallow fields are managed, not abandoned
-often combined with hunting/gathering
-small populations
-multicropping
-surplus of products low
-inputs are local
-land is readily available |
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Term
| Stages of Swidden Agriculture |
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Definition
-land survey (which type of soil, drainage, location)
-felling of vegetation (what do you cut down)
-burning the vegetation (how and when)
-cultivation (what and where do you plant)
-Harvest (when, who, how, what do you harvest)
-fallow management (how do you allow the land to recuperate after cultivation) |
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Term
| Variations in Swidden Systems |
|
Definition
-shape
-labor arrangements
-staple crops
-crop diversity
-scheduling of harvest
-fallow management
-taboos
-shifting strategy |
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