Term
| Women's Health Problems (10) |
|
Definition
-PMS
-PDD
-TSS
-Heart Disease
-Vaginal Infections
-Diabetes
-Hysterectomies
-Fibroids
-PID
-Endometriosis |
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Term
| PMS Constellations of Symptoms (8) |
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Definition
-Gastrointestinal
-Respiratory
-Urologic
-Ophthalmologic
-Mammologic
-Neurological
-Behavioral
-Miscellaneous |
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Term
PMS occurs...
Symptoms resolve after...
Symptoms are.... |
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Definition
-in luteal phase of cycle
-menses
-recurrent |
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Term
| Diagnostic Criteria for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PDD) (3) |
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Definition
-Symptoms must occur during the last week of luteal phase in most menstrual cycles.
-They should resolve within a few days after the period starts.
-Five or more of symptoms must be present |
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Term
|
Definition
-Feeling of sadness or hopelessness, possible suicidal thoughts
-Feelings of tension or anxiety
-Mood swings marked by periods of teariness
-Persistent irritability or that anger affects other people
-Disinterest in daily activities and relationships
-Trouble concentrating
-Fatigue or low energy
-Food cravings or bingeing
-Sleep disturbances
-Feeling out of control
-Physical symptoms, such as bloating, breast tenderness, headaches, and joint or muscle pain |
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Term
Treatments for PMS (7)
exercise...
food...
sleep...
cut down on....
stress reducers....
supplements... |
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Definition
-Start regular exercise (3 to 5 sessions per week)
-Do not skip meals. Follow a meal schedule to maintain a more stable blood sugar level
-Eat a balanced diet low in refined sugars
-Try to get a good night's sleep. Avoid staying up all night
-If you smoke, quit
-Cut down on caffeine, alcohol, red meat, and salty foods
-Practice stress reduction techniques. Take a long bath or try meditation or BIOFEEDBACK
-Take supplements of vitamin B6, calcium or magnesium. Do not take more than 100mg per day of vit B6. Nerve damage has been associated with vit B6 at doses higher than 100 mg per day |
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Term
| Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) |
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Definition
-is a type of blood poisoning that will make you feel severely ill very quickly
-Caused by the common bacteria-staphylococcus aureus-which normally live harmlessly on the skin and in the nose, armpit, groin, or vagina of one in every three people.
-In extreme cases it may prove fatal (2-3 die from TSS1)
-Half have reported cases of TSS are associated with women using tampons
-Can be treated with antibiotics and other medicines in early TSS patients |
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Term
| Symptoms of TSS are much like severe "flu" and usually include some or all of the following... (8) |
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Definition
-Sudden high fever
-Vomiting
-Sunburn like rash
-Diarrhea
-Fainting or feeling faint
-Muscle aches
-Dizziness
-Confusion |
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Term
|
Definition
-Leading cause of death in women
-Qualitatively different in women than men
--psychological
--family
--sociocultural
-Symptoms different in women than men |
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Term
| Heart Attack in Women (8 symptoms) |
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Definition
-Women are less likely than men to feel chest pain during a heart attack
-More women than men experience "atypical" symptoms
--back, neck, or jaw pain
--nausea
--vomiting
--indigestion
--weakness
--fatigue
--dizziness
--ligtheadedness |
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Term
| Heart Attack in Women-Facts (4) |
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Definition
-American women are 4 to 6 times more likely to die of heart disease than of breast cancer
-Heart disease kills more women over 65 than all cancers combined
-Women develop heart problems later in life than men--typically 7 or 8 years later
-By about age 65, a woman's risk is almost the same as a man's |
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Term
| Protective Factors for CVD (4) |
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Definition
-Exercise
-Diet
-Family History
-Nonsmoker |
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Term
|
Definition
-5th highest cause of death in women
-98 out of 1000 women over the age of 45 affected
-Hispanics, African Americans, and Native Americans disproportionately affected
-Types
--gestational
--type 1
--type 11 |
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Term
|
Definition
-Obesity
-Being African American
-Diet high in carbohydrates-causes high insulin production, causing the pancreas to shut down |
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Term
|
Definition
-Regular exercise is another critical defense against diabetes
-Five servings of fruit and vegetables a day
-Keep weight down to within normal range |
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Term
| Obesity and Heart Disease/Diabetes |
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Definition
-For every one percent of her body weight a woman gains after high school, her risk for heart disease increases about 5%
-For every same one percent gained, that woman's risk of developing diabetes increases by 10% |
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Term
| Vaginal Infections-Types (4) |
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Definition
-Types
--Candidasis (white curdy discharge, itching and burning)
--Bacterial Vaginosis (fishy odor, may have grayish white discharge)
--Trichomoniasis (yellow-green, frothy sticky discharge, foul fishy odor)
--Allergic or chemical vaginitis (rash, tenderness, pain) |
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Term
| How to Avoid Yeast Infections (7) |
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Definition
-Keep the external genital area clean and dry
-Avoid irritating soaps (including bubble bath), vaginal sprays and douches
-Change tampons and sanitary napkins frequently
-Wear loose cotton (rather than nylon) underwear that doesn't trap moisture
-After swimming, change quickly into your dry clothing instead of sitting in your wet bathing suit for prolonged periods
-Take antibiotics only when prescribed by your doctor, and never take them for longer than you doctor directs
-If you are diabetic, try to keep tight control over your blood sugar levels |
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Term
| Types of Hysterectomy (3) |
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Definition
-Subtotal
-Total
-Radical |
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Term
Abdominal Hysterectomy
Vaginal Hysterectomy |
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Definition
-The fallopian tubes and the ligaments that suspend the ligaments and run with the blood vessels have been clamped and tied
-Cross-section view showing the separation of the uterus from the bladder and the line through which the vagina is cut to separate the uterus from the vagina. The upper end of the vagina is then sutured closed. |
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Term
| Laparoscopic Hysterectomy |
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Definition
-Instead of a large incision, several small incisions are made through which the laproscope and specially designed surgical instruments are passed into the abdominal cavity and pelvis.
-The surgeon while viewing the monitor carrying the image from the laproscope manipulates the surgical instruments.
-Except for the technical aspects of the procedure, removal of the uterus is essentially the same as described above. |
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Term
| Hysterectomy may be performed for the following diseases of the uterus...(9) |
|
Definition
-Fibroids
-Endometriosis
-Cancer or premalignant disease
-Genital prolapse
-Stress incontinence (involuntary loss of urine)
-Chronic pelvic pain
-Abnormal uterine bleeding
-Severe pelvic infection
-Emergency hysterectomy such as may be necessary for severe bleeding from the uterus after delivery or during surgery |
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Term
| Alternatives to Hysterectomy (4) |
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Definition
-Uterine artery embolization may be used instead of hysterectomy for the treatment of fibroids. A catheter is inserted into the uterus through which small particles are injected into the blood vessels supplying the fibroid. By cutting off its blood supply the fibroid will shrink
-Endometrial ablation and resection involves removal of the endometrium. It can be carried out under local anesthesia and may be used for excessive bleeding, fibroids and polyps.
-Myomectomy is removal of a large fibroid while preserving the uterus.
-Laser ablation of the endometrium has been used in cases of excessive bleeding |
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Term
|
Definition
| -Genital prolapse occurs when the supporting ligaments of the uterus are weak leading to a dropping of the uterus into the vagina. These patients may have partial or total prolapse of the uterus out of the vagina |
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Term
|
Definition
-Normal (anteverted) or forward resting position of the uterus
-Slight prolapse-uterus descends part way down the vagina
-Moderate prolapse-uterus descends so deep into the vagina that the cervix is located at the vaginal opening
-Complete prolapse (procidentia)-cervix and uterus protrude beyond the vaginal opening and the vagina is inverted |
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Term
|
Definition
-Fibroids (leiomyomas) are benign uterine tumors.
-They are the most common pelvic tumor in the female, found in 20-30% of women
-This is the most common reason for a hysterectomy . |
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Term
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) |
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Definition
-Encountered by more than 1 million US women each year
-Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is the name for any bacterial infection of the cervix (cervicitis), womb (endometritis), fallopian tubes (salpingitis), or ovaries (oophoritis). It may occur in one or more of these places concurrently, and if it spreads into the space outside the womb, surrounded by the sac containing the bowels (peritoneum), peritonitis may also occur. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Acute PID: This can be experienced as a mild lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge and pain on intercourse, through to severe pain throughout the abdomen, with high fever, vomiting, and a deep sense of being unwell. These symptoms are experienced to varying degrees.
-Chronic PID: This may show itself as a persistent continuous low abdominal pain with painful and heavy periods. This may seem to get better from time to time, only to worsen again. Not surprisingly this cycle often results in feelings of depression. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Ectopic Pregnancy: If the fallopian tubes become blocked following infection, an egg may become stuck in a tube, or find its way into the pelvic cavity. If it becomes fertilized outside the womb, an ectopic pregnancy results. This can become suddenly serious if a tube is ruptured, requiring emergency surgery. It would show itself as a very severe, sudden, normally a one-sided abdominal pain, and vaginal bleeding which occurs later than in a usual period.
-Fertility: If PID is left untreated, the biggest long term risk is of reduced fertility.
-Adhesions: Chronic PID can lead to adhesions forming as a result of organs such as the bowel, womb or fallopian tubes sticking or adhering to each other. This increases and perpetuates pain |
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Term
|
Definition
| -Endometriosis is a disease in which the tissue that normally lines the cavity of the uterus is found implanted (stuck) to the tissues of the pelvis outside of the uterus. These implants are hormonally active and may cause severe pelvic pain and/ or scar formation. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Importance of Family Health History (6) |
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Definition
-cancer
-osteoporosis
-heart disease
-diabetes
-obesity
-mental illness |
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Term
|
Definition
-Increasing FSH levels
--Higher rate of twins
--Decreasing fertility
-Osteopenia
-Caused by decreasing estrogen levels |
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Term
| Estrogen; Drastic reduction (5) |
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Definition
Drastic reduction in estrogen causes...
-Hot Flashes
-Osteoporosis
-Heart Disease
-Masculinized features
-Alzheimer's?? |
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Term
| Causes of premature menopause |
|
Definition
-Premature ovarian failure - runs in some families and may have a genetic basis.
-Autoimmune damage to the ovaries can also cause ovarian failure.
-Some medical treatments, including removal of the ovaries (oophorectomy),
-Removal of the uterus alone may accelerate menopause, but it does not cause the sudden transition that results from removing the ovaries. |
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Term
|
Definition
| -None -Hot flashes -Night sweats & insomnia -Abnormal periods for you, such as spotting, different cycles or a different flow. -Changes in weight. -Difficulty concentrating, forgetfulness, depression and moodiness. -Memory loss -Depression -Osteoporosis -Pain or burning during urination, or loss or weakened bladder control. -Vaginal dryness. -Missed period for at least 12 months, with no cause other than menopause. |
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Term
| Menopausal Consequences (4) |
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Definition
-Heart disease
-Loss of reproductive function
-Decreased amount of estrogen
-Decline in sexual response and lubrication |
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Term
|
Definition
-Decreases quality of life
-Can result in hip fractures, Dowager’s hump and difficulty in breathing
-Causes pain
-Reduces mobility |
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Term
| Tests for Osteoporosis (2) |
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Definition
-Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) sends x-rays through bones in order to calculate bone density. The process is quick, taking only 10 minutes. It has emerged as the gold standard of BMD testing. This technology can measure BMD at any spot in the body, but is usually used to measure it at the spine, hip, or wrist, or for the total body. DXA can compute the density of bone in any region of the body, and it does so with only one-tenth of the radiation exposure of a standard chest x-ray.
-Ultrasound uses sound waves to measure BMD at the heel, shin, or finger, is increasingly being used as well. It does not give measurements as exact as those provided by DXA, but it seems to predict fracture risk. The device (known as a sonometer) emits high-frequency sound waves. A computer determines the bone density by calculating how fast the sound waves pass through your bone. The machine can provide an estimate of your bone density in less than a minute. Lightweight and easy to use, this small device may make BMD measurements more accessible. |
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Term
| Treatments for Osteoporosis (5) |
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Definition
-Calcium and vitamin D supplements The usual recommended supplemental dose is 1,000 milligrams of calcium carbonate (taken with meals) or calcium citrate daily. It is best to take this as 500 milligrams twice a day. Women also need 800 international units of vitamin D daily.
-Bisphosphonates — Etidronate (Didronel), alendronate (Fosamax) and other similar drugs are the most effective medicines that can be used to both prevent and treat osteoporosis. They increase bone density and decrease the risk of fractures.
-Raloxifene (Evista) — This drug has some of the beneficial effects of estrogen without the increased risk of breast cancer. It is effective in building bone strength and preventing fractures.
-Parathyroid hormone — This is a synthetic form of a naturally occurring hormone produced by the parathyroid glands. It increases bone density and decreases the risk of fracture.
-Calcitonin — This hormone is produced by the thyroid gland and helps the body keep and use calcium. A nasal spray form of this drug is used to help prevent bone loss in women at risk. Doctors may prescribe calcitonin to help relieve pain from fractures due to osteoporosis. |
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Term
| Heart Disease; How can older women reduce the risk of heart disease? (4) |
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Definition
Heart disease has both genetic and environmental components
How can older women reduce the risk of heart disease ?
-HRT (Now considered potentially harmful)
-Diet, exercise, and lifestyle modifications
-SERMs
-Alternative approaches |
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Term
| Two Factors that reduce the likelihood of breast cancer .... |
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Definition
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Term
GOOD News Exercise (3)
BAD News exercise (3) |
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Definition
-Weight bearing exercise is important for increasing bone density
-Regular aerobic exercise is important to cardiovascular health
-Stretching is important for flexibility, agility, balance, and to prevent injury.
-Too much exercise can cause amenorrhea
-Amenorrhea is an indicator of insufficient estrogen
-Insufficient estrogen can cause osteoporosis or osteopenia |
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Term
GOOD News Obesity (3)
BAD News Obesity; Increases risk of... (5) |
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Definition
-Estrogen is produced by ovaries, adrenal glands and fat cells
-Hot flashes are caused by a drastic reduction in estrogen
-Women with more fat cells suffer less from hot flashes
-heart disease
-diabetes
-stroke
-high blood pressure
-too little exercise |
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Term
| Hormone Replacement Therapy (5) |
|
Definition
-Estrogen maintains skin tone, elasticity & vaginal lubrication
-ERT increases risk of endometrial cancer, heart disease and breast cancer
-Low risk of heart disease with HRT if woman has low cholesterol levels
-SERMS - confer estrogen selectively to specific organs and tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
-diet (phytoestrogens, soy products, legumes, calcium rich foods, garlic, flaxseed, vitamin E)
-herbs
-progesterone cream
-vaginal lubricants
-massage
-meditation
-yoga
-decrease alcohol and tobacco use |
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Term
|
Definition
-consistently lowers levels of cortisol while increasing activity of pleasure-related brain chemicals
-lowers blood pressure and heart rate and may enhance certain measures of immune function.
-stimulates immune system
-less depression, anxiety, and fatigue
offers the comforts of a warm touch and release from muscle tension |
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Term
| Alternative Approaches to maintaining health for women (9) |
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Definition
-Acupuncture
-Herbs
-Yoga
-Massage
-Chiropractic
-Healing prayer
-Spirituality
-Aromatherapy
-many more |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Types of Unhealthy Behaviors (1 ) |
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Definition
-Sexual related behaviors (multiple sex partners/unsafe sex)
--transmission of body fluids
--no barrier devices
--don't discuss risks with potential partners before sex |
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Term
| Consequences of safe and unsafe sex (9) |
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Definition
-HIV & AIDS
-Syphilis
-Chlamydia
-Herpes
-Venereal warts
-Candida
-Chancroid
-PID
-Gonorrhea |
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Term
|
Definition
-a woman keeps engaging in sex with strangers, has dangerous affairs, can only feel pleasure through sadomasochistic acts and usually feel depressed or melancholic “the morning after”
-if her sexual habits could give her a disease, be a source of violence in others or lead to the dissolution of marital or parenting arrangements, but she continues to persist in such activities regardless |
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Term
| Consequences of Smoking (5) |
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Definition
-Most common addictive behavior in women
-Increases wrinkles
-Increases miscarriage
-Increases lung cancer
-Increases low birth weight |
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Term
Consequences of Drugs
Marijuana (4)
Opiate dependent Women (7)
Alcohol (5) |
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Definition
Marijuana
-most likely to be abused
-infertility
-lower birth weight babies
-FAS like symptoms
Opiate Dependent Women
-poorer self esteem
-poorer health
-increased alienation from society
-potential prostitution
-serious pregnancy complications
-fetal death rate 4 times higher than for other newborns
-IV drug use associated with HIV transmission
Alcohol
-FAS 2/1000 live births
-Spouse abuse and rape associated with alcohol use
-Decrease in life expectancy by 15 years for alcoholic women
-Women abuse alcohol less than men
-Women are more effected because of body size, fat, metabolism, & estrogen |
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Term
| Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa (4) Bulimia (4) |
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Definition
| Anorexia Nervosa -Refusal to maintain appropriate weight for height -Pervasive fear of becoming fat despite current underweight status -Significant distortion of perceived body shape -Amenorrhea (in postmenarchal females) Bulimia -Recurrent episodes of binge eating -Behavior to compensate for binge eating (vomiting, use of diuretics, laxatives) -Binge eating and compensatory behaviors occur over time (at least 3 months) -Excessive concern about weight or body shape |
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Term
| Common Bulimia Triggers (5) |
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Definition
| -Societal and cultural pressures to have a thin and perfect -body. -Having relatives who are bulimic or who are overly concerned with body image and weight. -Traumatic events or stressful changes in life, like a sexual assault, death in the family, divorce or a new job. -Having low self-esteem, compulsive behaviors or a feeling of hopelessness. -Hormonal or chemical imbalances. |
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Term
| Amenorrhea and Osteopenia |
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Definition
| -Too much exercise can lead to osteopenia or osteoporosis. -Conditions necessary to lay down bone mass: --sufficient estrogen -appropriate weight bearing exercise --sufficient dietary calcium |
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Term
| Reproductive System Cancers |
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Definition
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Term
| How many cases of breast cancer occur in the U.S. every year, and what are they linked to ? |
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Definition
| -As many as 49,000 cases of breast cancer occurring in the U.S. every year are linked to a lack of physical activity |
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Term
| Types of Reproductive Cancers (7) |
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Definition
-Uterine
-Endometrial
-Cervical
-Ovarian
-Breast
-Tubal
-Vulvar |
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Term
| There is a link between cervical cancer and heart disease and... |
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Definition
-HPV
-Vaccine administered to girls and boys as young as 9 |
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Term
|
Definition
-obesity
-HRT???
-age
-infertility
-no children |
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Term
| Uterine Cancer Symptoms (4) |
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Definition
-main symptom is abnormal vaginal bleeding
-in younger women, abnormal bleeding may include heavier than usual periods, spotting (bleeding between periods) and bleeding after intercourse.
-in older women, any bleeding that happens six months after menopause begins may be a concern. Abnormal bleeding at the time menopause starts also should be reported to the doctor.
-Only about 10% of women with uterine sarcoma feel pain before they are diagnosed. Some women also are able to feel a mass. |
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Term
| Endometrial Cancer Risk Factors (10) |
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Definition
-Obesity
-High fat diet
-High dose exogenous estrogen
-Unopposed exogenous estrogen
-early menarche
-late menopause
-childlessness
-hypertension
-Diabetes
-Radiation |
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Term
| Endometrial Cancer Protective Factors (1) |
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Definition
| -combination oral contraceptives |
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Term
| Which breast cancer fighting medication/hormone has been shown to increase the risk of uterine cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Risk Factors for Breast Cancer that can't be changed (10) |
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Definition
-female sex
-aging
-family medical history
-mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, and other genes
-atypical tissue changes in the breast
-ethnic/racial background
-first menstrual period age 12 or before
-menopause after age 55
-previous breast cancer
-previous radiation treatment |
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Term
| Risk Factors for Breast Cancer that can be controlled (6) |
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Definition
-not having children or having children later in life
-use of postmenopausal hormone therapy
-alcohol consumption
-excess weight
-sedentary lifestyle
-smoking tobacco |
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Term
| Breast Cancer Protective Factors (3) |
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Definition
-Pregnancy before age 25
-Lactation
-Physical activity |
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Term
| Signs or Symptoms of Breast Cancer (8) |
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Definition
-A change in how the breast or nipple feels
-A lump or thickening in or near the breast or in the underarm area
-Nipple tenderness
-A change in how the breast or nipple looks
-A change in the size or shape of the breast
-A nipple turned inward into the breast
-The skin of the breast, areola, or nipple may be scaly, red, or swollen. It may have ridges or pitting so that it looks like the skin of an orange.
-Nipple discharge (fluid) |
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Term
| Black Women suffer a greater mortality rates than white women (3) |
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Definition
-lack of access to care
-distrust in medical community
-lack of health insurance |
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Term
Cervical Cancer Risk Factors (6)
-->third most common gynecological malignancy of the pelvis...occurs most frequently between the ages of 35-59 and 60-64 years |
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Definition
-Sexual Practices
-Characteristics of Partners
-DES
-Infectious agents (HPV)
-Smoking
-Gynecological history |
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Term
| Cervical Cancer Protective Factors (1) |
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Definition
| -Barrier contraceptive (condoms) |
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Term
Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors (4)
-->second most common gynecological malignancy of the pelvis, but more women die from ovarian cancer than from uterine or cervical cancer. This is because there is not a good screening test for this cancer and women usually do not have any symptoms until the cancer is large or has spread to other organs. |
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Definition
-Having the breast cancer gene
-taking infertility drugs
-first degree relative with ovarian cancer
-high fat diet |
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Term
| The Seven Warning Signs of Cancer |
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Definition
-Change in bowel or bladder habits
-A sore that does not heal
-Unusual bleeding or discharge
-Thickening or lump in breast or other part of body
-Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
-Obvious change in wart or mole
-Nagging cough or hoarseness |
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Term
| Diagnosis and Screening (6) |
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Definition
-mammograms
-pap smear
-breast self exam
-Blood tests
-clinical exams
-ultrasound |
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Term
|
Definition
-Surgery
-Stereotactic breast biopsy
-Cone biopsy
-Chemotherapy
-radiation therapy |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Violence against another human being (8) |
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Definition
**sexual and physical**
-using intimidation
-using emotional abuse
-using isolation
-minimizing, denying and blaming
-using children
-using male privilege
-using economic abuse
-using coercion and threats |
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Term
| Violence Against Women (8) |
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Definition
-emotional and mental abuse
-war crimes
-public stoning and beating
-physical battering, IPV
-sexual violence
-sexual slavery, trafficking
-clitoridectomies/female genital mutilation , cutting
-"dowry deaths“, “honor killings” and other forms of murder |
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Term
| Gender Based Violence is related to... (7) |
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Definition
-death and illness
-beatings during pregnancy
-forced sterilization
-abortions performed in unsanitary conditions
-malnutrition
-restricted access to health services
-and a number of other abuses
(UN Campaign on Women’s Human Rights, 2002). |
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Term
| Social and Political Conditions which contribute to Violence Against Women (4) |
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Definition
-war
-poverty
-illiteracy
-Social conditions such as alcoholism, “macho-ism” racism |
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Term
| Power Imbalance/Oppresion of Women (4) |
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Definition
| -a manifestation of the historically unequal power relations between men and women -led to domination over and discrimination against women by men -prevents women's full advancement -is perpetuated as a means of control |
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Term
| US DV related Hospital Visits (4) |
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Definition
| -approximately 37% of women seeking injury-related treatment in hospital emergency rooms were there because of injuries inflicted by a current or former spouse/partner -approximately 40-50% of female hospital patients have been physically injured by assault at the hands of their intimate partners. -less than 1/5 of victims reporting an injury from intimate partner violence sought medical treatment following the injury. -intimate partner violence results in more than 18.5 million mental health care visits each year. |
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Term
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Definition
| -a history of rape or assault is a stronger predictor of physician visits and outpatient costs among women than age or any other health risks, such as smoking.(Heise, 1994) |
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Term
| FACTS of Domestic Violence Amongst Women (5) |
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Definition
| -one in every four women will experience domestic violence in her lifetime. -an estimated 1.3 million women are victims of physical assault by an intimate partner each year. -females who are 20-24 years of age are at the greatest risk of nonfatal intimate partner violence. -85% of domestic violence victims are women. -most cases of domestic violence are never reported to the police. |
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Term
|
Definition
-In its most extreme form, violence against women becomes murder.
-50% of women are killed by an intimate partner or husband.
-Homicide rates are typically higher in countries coping with severe social or political upheaval. |
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Term
| Domestic Violence and Homelessness (3) |
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Definition
-In an effort to protect their children, many women are forced to leave the marital home to escape abuse.
-In many cultures, there are no safe houses or shelters.
-According to the Ford Foundation, 50% of homeless women and children in the U.S. were fleeing abuse |
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Term
| Rape and Sexual Assault (3) |
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Definition
-are health issues as well as social and political issues.
-With many cultures rooted in patriarchal institutions, rape and/or sexual assault is often viewed as "a man's prerogative".
-In cultures with conservative sexual mores, rape is more than a direct violation of the woman, some cultures view rape as a crime against the family of which the woman is a part. |
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Term
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Definition
-Marital rape, wife rape, spousal rape are all terms used to describe sexual assaults when the perpetrator is a woman's husband or ex-husband. Many countries do not exempt husbands from rape charges.
-It is not uncommon to find that rape often co-exists with other violent forms of control in marriage. Beatings, torture, sexual abuse, and psychological control may be present as well.
-10% of all reported sexual assaults in the US involved a husband or ex-husband
-because rape by a husband is less likely to be labeled as -such, it is estimated that these percentages are low.
-10% of the women in Russell's study reported being victims of both wife rape and beatings
**simple rape doesnt lead to conviction most often** |
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Term
| Rape as a Weapon of War (4) |
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Definition
-Rape in war is a weapon. It serves a specific military purpose. rape in war demoralizes and intimidates the side of the victim. It wounds identity and pride.
-Rape will likely be internalized by the victim, her family and, in the end, by the community in which she lives.
-Raping the women of a defeated people or nation becomes part of the effort to destroy them.
-Rape is still to be found in certain societies today, it should be emphasized that much of the revulsion felt toward the act has rightly shifted to sympathizing with the female victim. The effect of becoming a conscious process of intimidation in which men as a gender group keep women as a whole in a perpetual state of fear. |
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Term
| Physical Impact of Gender-Based Violence (3) |
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Definition
-Bodily injury, scarring & broken bones
-STIs, pelvic inflammatory disease often resulting in infertility, unwanted pregnancies, miscarriages, chronic pelvic pain, headaches, gynecological problems. Forced sex without condoms causes vaginal abrasions, increasing the risk of the HIV infection
-Asthma, sleep disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, injurious health behaviors (such as smoking and unprotected sex) and partial or permanent disability (Heise, Pitanguy, and Germain, 1994) |
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Term
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Definition
-Victimization is a means of social control
-Awareness of danger creates a constant state of alertness, and a hyper-vigilance (Mezey & Stanko, 1996) |
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Term
| Long Term Effects of VAW (3) |
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Definition
-The trauma associated with violence can be life-long
-Affects women's abilities to work, care for children, and manage everyday responsibilities
-35-40% of battered women in the United States have attempted suicide (Levinson, 1989). |
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Term
| Long-lasting Psychological Problems of Violence in War (4) |
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Definition
Sexual abuse mingled with the violence and deprivation experienced amidst war would likely exacerbate the effects of what can already occur after any rape
-intense shock,
-a paralyzing fear of injury or death,
-a sense of loss of control over one's life.
-The anxiety of living in a war-torn environment would also likely compound a woman's longer-term problems associated with rape.
--persistent fears,
--avoidance of situations that trigger memories of the rape,
--feelings of shame,
--memory loss,
--inability to respond to life generally and difficulty --reestablishing intimate relationships. |
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Term
| Physical Effect of Rape in War (4) |
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Definition
-an unwanted pregnancy
-wounds
-beating or mutilation
-Contracting sexually transmitted diseases, including the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) is also a danger. |
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Term
| Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (2) |
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Definition
-psychiatric disorder
-Can occur following the experience or witnessing of life threatening events
--military combat
--natural disasters
--terrorist incidents
--serious accidents
--violent personal assaults like rape |
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Term
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Definition
-Symptoms can be severe enough and last long enough to significantly impair the person’s daily life
--nightmares and flashbacks
--have difficulty sleeping
--feel detached or estranged
-biological changes
-psychological symptoms
-frequently occurs in conjunction with related disorders
--depression
--substance abuse
--problems of memory and cognition
--other problems of physical and mental health
-Associated with impairment of the person’s ability to function
--social or family life
--occupational instability
--marital problems and divorces
--family discord
--difficulties in parenting |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-brooke shields
-results from drastic fluctuations in hormones
-depression occurs within 6 months of childbirth may be postpartum depression |
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Term
| Postpartum depression symptoms (12) |
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Definition
-Loss of interest or pleasure in life
-Loss of appetite
-Less energy and motivation to do things
-A hard time falling asleep or staying asleep
-Sleeping more than usual
-Increased crying or tearfulness
-Feeling worthless, hopeless or overly guilty
-Feeling restless, irritable or anxious
-Unexplained weight loss or gain
-Feeling like life isn't worth living
-Having thoughts about hurting yourself
-Worrying about hurting your baby |
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Term
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Definition
| Intentionally drowned her 5 children in the bathtub after the birth of her last child, as a result of inappropriate treatment for Postpartum depression and psychosis. |
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Term
| Prevalence or specific mental health conditions in women (2) |
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Definition
-Women are affected twice as often as men by most forms of depression and anxiety disorders for instance
-nine times as often by eating disorders. |
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Term
depression is equivalent to....
psychosis is equivalent to.... |
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Definition
-blindness or paraplegia
-active psychosis seen in schizophrenia produces disability equal to quadriplegia. |
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Term
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Definition
-Distorted Perceptions of Reality
-Hallucinations and Illusions
-Delusions
-Disordered thinking
-Emotional expressions (affect) “flat” |
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Term
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Definition
-Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in a person's mood, energy, and ability to function.
-The symptoms of bipolar disorder are severe, and can result in
--poor job or school performance
--damaged relationships
--suicide
-Bipolar disorder can be treated |
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Term
| Global Issues which impact women's mental health (7) |
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Definition
-Patriarchy - devaluing of women
-War
-Famine
-Exodus
-Religion
-Cultural practices
-Poverty |
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