Term
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Definition
Supports/Protects structures like, skull, ribs, organs, vertebrae and muscles
Red/White blood cell production. Also stem cells
Store and release calcium and inorganic salts
Movement/Leverage and a place for muscles to attach |
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Term
| Bone cells responsible for creating recycling bone matrix |
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Definition
Osteocytes: bulk of bone cells, bone turnover/maintanance and repair
Osteoblasts which produce new bone tissue and
Osteoclasts which break down bone tissue |
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Term
| Explain calcium levels between bones and blood and its regulation |
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Definition
Bones contain bulk of body's calcium.
Calcium balance is critical for nervous condition, and muscle contraction.
When plasma calcium is low, calcium is borrowed from bones.
Calcium is regulated hormonally by parathyroid gland which encourages osteoclasts to release calcium when it gets low. Also increases absoption in intestines. Can reabsorb Ca+ in kidneys |
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Term
| Dynamics between nature of bones and hormones, nutrition, and seasonal factors |
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Definition
| Decreased estrogen levels increase osteoclast activity. Increased vitamin D increases calcium absorption from diet. Increased calcium in diet increases bone calcium, and in the winter bone density goes down regardless of everything else. |
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Term
| Difference between ectothermy and endothermy |
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Definition
Endothermy: internal heat production (metabolism, cell respiration)
Ectothermy: external heat production (sun) |
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Term
| Explain body shape and size relationships in endo/ectotherms |
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Definition
Endotherms: minimize surface area, maximize volume
Ectotherms: Maximize surface area, minimize volume |
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Term
| Relationship between size and metabolic rate for endotherms |
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Definition
Its harder to stay warm when you're a small endotherm so you're less energy eff.
Opposite trend in ecto therms, its easier to stay warm when small |
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Term
| Behavioral adaptations in ecto/endotherms |
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Definition
Both sunbathe, and hide in shade
Ecto: Is heated from substrates and reduces activity when cold.
Endo: Shiver when cold, curl up and huddle in groups when cold. Circulation changes due to temp. And have counter current heat exchange when possible. Stores more fat to burn for heat in the winter |
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Term
| Explain metabolic rate in endotherms |
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Definition
Generally they burn more energy than ectotherms trying to maintain body temp
At lower and upper critical temperatures they burn energy trying to remove or create heat. Then at the lower/upper lethal temps there's a dramatic drop as they start to die.
Between the critical points the metabolic rate is lower and stable. |
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Term
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Definition
| A significant drop in temperature, often approaching freezing, in endotherms, during cold seasons. It saves energy in the long run but requires a small energy cost when coming out of torpor (arousal) |
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Term
| What is the thermalneutral zone |
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Definition
| The area between critical temperatures when metabolism is relatively low and stable |
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