BMI

body mass index

a number calculated from a person's weight and height that is used to assess risk for possible present or future health problems

BMI= weight (kg)/height squared (m²)

normal BMI is between 18.5 and 25

• obesity is a result of genetic increased number of fat cells
• number of cells stays constant, the size of cells differ
• number may be higher due to mother's diet when pregnant

• sit more and move less
• cars, remotes, desk jobs, hours in front of the computer
• advertising designed to increase our energy intake in the form of high calorie foods
• prepacked high fat meals, fast food, sugar laden soft drinks

• mental health
• immune system
• cardiovascular
• heart
• endocrine
• type 2 diabetes
• respiratory
• digestive
• bones/joints
• osteoarthritis

• eating as a focal point of life
• social ritual associated with companship, celebration, enjoyment
• socioeconomic factors
• money- tend to buy inexpensive, high calorie processed foods
• where you live- bad neighborhoods without recreational areas make it difficult to exercise
• education level- more education= lower BMI

• 4 in 10 adults never exercise
• 35% of people exercise regularly

the fat necessary for maitenance of life and reproductive functions

• regulates body temperature
• cushions and insulates other organs and tissues
• main source of stored energy

• heart arryhthmia
• hair loss
• kidney damage
• liver damage
• does not allow for pregnancy
• visual disturbances
• skin problems

useful in assessing abdominal fat which is considered more threatening than fat in other regions of the body

greater than 40 inches in men and 35 inches in woman may be indicative of greater health risk

waist circumference divided by hip circumference; a high ration indicates increased health risks due to unhealthy fat distribution

ratio of greater than 1 in men and .8 in women indicates greater health risk

unit of measure that indicates the amount of energy gained from food or expended through activity; 3,500 extra calories is the laboratory 

measure of 1 pound of fat gain 

• accept yourself
• list things you like about yourself that dont relate to appearance
• self confidence
• do not focus on one area
• surround yourself with positive people
• turn off negative self talk
• wear clothes that makes you feel good

• become a critical viewer of social and media messages
• do something nice for yourself
• use time and energy that you might have spent hyperfocusing on eating and exercise and do something that helps others

• obsessively concerned with appearance
• distorted self image
• focus on one feature
• can result in cosmetic surgery

• anxiety of unrealistic critique by others during social interactions
• focus on body trumps all other activities
• hyperfocus on exercise

• a pattern of atypical eating behaviors that is used to achieve or maintain a lower body weight
• food as the symptom

FALSE

onle some people who exhibit disordered eating patterns progress to a clinical eating disorder

psychiatrically diagnosed based on body image and eating habits

males account for 10% of individuals with eating disorders

• history of being teased
• history of abuse
• family or personal factors
• relationships
• cultural norms
• media influences
• economic status

• low self esteem
• feeling inadequate
• lack of control
• unhealthy body image
• perfectionism

• inherited personality traits
• genes that effect hunger, satiety, weight
• depression, anxiety, OCD
• brain chemistry (seratonin)

eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by innapropriate measures such as vomiting to prevent weight gain

• weight that falls in the normal ranges
• 3 percent of adolescent women suffer from bulimia
• binge then purge

• more prevalent than anorexia/bulimia
• 3.5 percent of women and 2 percent of men
• treatment methods used for bulimia are succesful

eating disorders that are a true psychiatric illness but do not fit the strict diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder

• include night eating syndrome
• recurrent purging in the absence of binge eating

1. obsession/compulsion
2. loss of control
3. negative consequences
4. denial

main difference = control

• much discomfort when stopping addiction, not as much with stopping a habit

occurs when a person becomes bound to the addict; self defeating relationship pattern ("addicted to the addict") assumes the responsibility for meeting the addict's needs, even at their own expense

(usually family)

theory of the relationship between the addict's biological (genetic) nature and psychological and environmental influences

• psychological factors
• low self esteem
• external locus of control
• passivity
• PTSD
• biological factors
• unusual early response to the substance
• ADHD and other learning disabilities
• mood disorders
• addiction among family members
• low seratonin: predisposes to addiction
• environmental/social factors
• easy access
• abusive or neglectful home
• peer norms
• chronic or acute stressors

behaviors known to be addictive because they are mood altering

• gambling
• buying
• internet/technology use
• work 
• sex

drug binds to specific receptors within the body

• psychoactive drugs can alter mood or behavior by acting on neurotransmitters in the brain

• an addictive substance alters the levels of dopamine so much that the brain tries to adapt to re-balance
• the number of dopamine receptors decrease
• it takes more of the substance to get to the same level of high
• decrease in natural production of dopamine

• transdermal - patch
• injection - second fastest
• inhalation - fastest
• ingestion

• most likely candidates for abuse are young people and people over age 65
• ex: sleep aids, cold medicines, and diet pills

• residential treatment
• therapeutic communities
• ENVIRONMENT

• alcoholics anonymous
• cocaine anonymous
• crystal meth anonymous
• gambler's anonymous
• pills anonymous

NOT NECESSARILY RELIGIOUS

• immediate feelings of sedation and well-being (euphoria)
• reason used for pain relief: decreased pain sensation
• ex: oxicodone, hydrocodone
• ones with acetaminophen are dangerous because you cant overdose but it kills liver

• symptoms are opposite drug effect
• tremors, cramps, extreme achiness in joints, muscles, bones, chills, sweating, rapid heart rate, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, dizziness
• akathisia, anxiety, paranoia, insomnia, depression, suicide attempts

artificial forms of the hormone testosterone that promote muscle growth and strength

• two forms: injections/pills
• psychological effects: increase in agression, arousal, and irritability, addiction
• adverse effects: mood swings, acne, liver tumors, elevated cholesterol levels, hypertension, and kidney disease

chopped leaves and flowers of cannabis plants (hemp); a psychoactive stimulant

• influences several neurotransmitter properties
• how it is administered: inhaled/eaten
• most widely abused illicit drug
• S&S: impaired judgement/depth perception, inattention, forgetfulness, blood shot eyes, accelerated heart rate, muscle tremors

claim to be herbal, but are laced with chemically prepared cannabinoids; more powerful than marijuana

• lack of convergence - eyes wont come together to focus
• dry mouth
• accelerated speech
• decreased coordination

a class of CNS drugs with sedative, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant effects (tranquilizers)

ex: valium, ativan, xanax

How it works: floods brain with seratonin

How it is administered: smoke/snort/inject

S&S: emotional swings, abnormal perception, dilated pupils, elevated vital signs, mixing of the senses

• very unpredictable because so much of the brain is susceptible to seratonin
• random high because dont know where seratonin will choose to effect
• synesthesia: "hear" tastes. "smell" colors

sedation

ex: ketamine, PCP, dextromethorpan

how it is administered: laced and smoked

S&S: unpredictable violent behavior, slurred speech, impaired coordination, nystagmus, blank stare, absence of pain, convulsions, coma

white crystalline powder; one of the most powerful natural occuring stimulants

How it works: binds at receptor sites in the CNS producing an intense high that usually disappears quickly, leaving a p owerful craving for more

How it is administered: snorting/smoking/injecting

S&S: increased energy, decreased appetite, increased mental alertness, dilated pupils, elevated vital signs, fidgety

a potent, long acting, addictive drug that activates the brains reward center by producing a sense of euphoria

• how it works: activates reward center, euphoria
• administered: snorted, smoked, injected, ingested
• S&S: increased energy, decreased appetite, increased alertness, dilated pupils, elevated vital signs, fidgety

#1 psychoactive drug, enters cerebral cortex virtually unprocessed

• inhibits adenosine receptors
• increasing dopamine and glutamate
• higher state of mental alertness
• less of the feeling of fatigue
• NO EUPHORIA
• considered self regulating due to overdose symptoms of anxiety, nausea, shakiness

• reward center of the brain
• provide the brain with drive or motivation to focus
• has to be sufficiently stimulated with dopamine before it tells the brain that something is worth paying attention to
• ability to hyper focus
• stimulants can help focus, relax, and even sleep better by assisting in coordination of all areas of the brain
• ex: ritalin, adderall, concerta
• increase the amount of dopamine and epinephrin in the brain
• inhibit reuptake of dopamine
• increase focus

stomach: absorbs 20%

upper 1/3 of small intestine: 80%

• controls release of contents into intestine
• carbonated drinks relax valve to release contents
• alcohol causes pyloric spasms that prevent stomach contents from emptying
• can cause vomiting

• dehydration
• loss of electrolytes for coordination and muscle action
• decreased protein synthesis
• decreased ability to absorb vitamins
• impaired ability to store glycogen
• faster time to exhaustion/decreased performance

alcohol dependency!  condition that 

results when personal and health problems related 

to alcohol are severe and stopping alcohol use 

causes withdrawal symptoms. 

1. family hero: tries to be perfect
2. scapegoat: gets into trouble
3. lost child: fades into the background
4. mascot: clown, tries to make laugh/diffuse situation