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Definition
| Agents (chemicals/viruses) that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. |
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| Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. |
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| Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior. |
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| A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. |
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Definition
| the pre-operational child's difficulty taking another's point of view. |
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Definition
| That awareness that things continue to exist even when not percieved. |
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| (8Months) fear of strangers |
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| an emotional tie with another person by seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress upon separation. |
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| an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. |
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| the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. |
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Definition
| the first menstrual period |
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| Crystallized Intelligence |
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Definition
| one's accumulated knowledge |
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Definition
| One's ability to reason speediliy and abstractly. |
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Term
| Abilities of Newborns: TOUCH |
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Definition
-well developed at birth
-react to water, cold and warm
-highly sensitive to pain |
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Term
| Abilities of Newborns: SMELL |
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Definition
-react positively to smell of chocolate, banana, and vanilla.
-Recoil from smell of rotten eggs.
-can identify location of smell.
-3 day old distinguishes between smell of their mothers amniotic fluid.
-4 day old prefers smell of mother's breasts. |
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| Abilities of Newborn: TASTE |
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Definition
-Preference of sweet liquid over water
-Indifference or rejeciton to salty liquid
-by 4 months responds positively to salty taste. |
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Term
| Abilities of Newborns: HEARING |
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Definition
-Prefers complex sounds to simple.
--During 1st few days they begin to distinguish between voice patterns
-Particularly are sensitive to frequencies in the range of the human voice.
-Prefer high-pitched expressive voices that raise in tone at the end of the sentence (child- directed speech) |
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Term
| Abilities of Newborns: VISION |
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Definition
-East developed senses
-Considerable physical maturity will occur the next few months in the retina and muscles of the lens
-At birth, infants perceive objects at 20ft that adults see clearly @ 600 ft
-They can track moving object at close distances |
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Term
| PIAGET'S Stages: birth-2 years |
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Definition
Definition: Sensorimotor
-Object Permanence
-Stranger Anxiety |
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Term
| PIAGET'S Stages: 2-6 or 7 years. |
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Definition
Definition: Pre-operational
-Pretend Play
-Egocentricism
-Representing things with words and images. |
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Term
| PIAGET'S Stages: 7-11 years |
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Definition
Definition: Concrete Operational
-Conservation
-Mathmatical transformations
-thinking logically, grasping analogies, performing arithmetical operations. |
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Term
| PIAGET'S Stages: 12-Adulthood |
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Definition
Definition: Formal Operational
-Abstract Reasoning
-Potential for mature moral reasoning. |
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Term
| Criticism of Piaget's Theory |
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Definition
| Criticisms of Piaget’s theory- Modern researchers see development as continuous Piaget did not. By detecting the beginnings of each type of thinking at earlier ages, we find things he missed. Formal logic is a smaller part of cognition than he thought. |
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Term
| Kohlberg's stages of moral development |
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Definition
- Preconventional Morality (before age 9) focused on self-interest: they obey rules either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards.
-Conventional mortality (early adolescence) evolve to more conventional level: cares for others and upholds laws and social rule simply because they are the laws and rules.
-Postconventional morality develops an abstract reasoning of formal operational thought: affirming people’s agreed-upon rights or following self-defined, basic ethical principles. |
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Term
| What are the changes in sensory abilities in our later years? |
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Definition
Sensory
-Visual sharpness, muscle strength, reaction time, stamina, hearing, distance perception, sense of smell. |
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Term
| What are the changes in health abilities in our later years? |
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Definition
-Disease-fighting immune system weakens- more susceptible to cancer, pneumonia, ect.
-Slows neural processing- takes more time to react, solve perceptual puzzles, and even remember names. |
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Term
| What are adulthood's two primary commitments according to psychologists? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we know about the benefits of marriage? |
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Definition
| happiness, health, sex, and money. |
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Term
| what do we know about marital satisfaction? |
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Definition
- 40% of married Americans reported being “very happy” over 23% of unmarried
- Neighborhoods with high marriage rates have low crime, delinquency, and emotional disorders among children. |
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Term
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Definition
| : the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. |
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Term
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Definition
| the organization of the visual field objects that stand out from their surroundings. |
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Definition
| in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field. |
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Definition
| a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. |
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Definition
| The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. Said to include telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Binocular cues- depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Monocular cues- depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone. |
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Term
| what do most psychologists think about ESP? |
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Definition
| -Most psychologists including 96% of the scientists in the U.S. National Academy of Sciences-are skeptical. If ESP is real, we would need to overturn the scientific understanding that we are creatures whose minds are tied to our physical brains and whose perceptual experiences of the world are built of sensations. |
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Term
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Definition
-Know the themes of sensation and perception covered in class
Theme 1 - Perception is an active & on going process by which we attempt to place interpretations on physical stimuli. We try to make sure to make sense out of the world.
Theme 2 – our thoughts & perceptions are influenced by our preconceptions & context (perceptual set)
Theme 3 our perceptions are affected by our post experiences |
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Term
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Definition
Night terrors: a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified.
REM behavior disorder: |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleep Apnea: a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Narcolepsy: a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. |
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Term
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Definition
| Insomnia: recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Circadian rhythm: the biological clock; regular bodily rhymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Selective attention: the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consciousness: our awareness of ourselves and our environment. |
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Term
Know the stages of sleep and their characteristics if given in the text or class.
-Awake, Relaxed (alpha waves) |
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Definition
| -Through brain wave activity, eye movement, and muscle tension measured by electrodes. Alpha waves are while you are relaxed and before sleep, delta waves while transitioning into stage 4 your brain emits large slow delta waves. |
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Term
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Definition
-Awake, Relaxed (alpha waves)
-Stage 1 sleep – slow breathing irregular brain waves
-Stage 2 Sleep (burst of activity) – can still be fairly easily woken but very much asleep. Sleep talking is nonsensical or garbled.
-Stage 3 Sleep –deep sleep
-Stage 4 (Delta waves) – towards the end of this stage is when children usually wet the bed or sleep walk.
-REM sleep (eye movement phase) – during REM your heart rate raises breathing becomes rapid and irregular and half-minute or so your eyes dart around in momentary burst of activity behind closed lids |
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Term
| What is the pattern of a “typical” night’s sleep? |
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Definition
| -Most people pass through five-stage sleep cycle (graph on Pg 189). You go from Awake to stage one, on to stage two through four, usually all with in the first hour of sleep. The you go into REM Sleep. (REM sleep is more like stage 1) REM sleep lasts for about half an hour at first and gets longer as the night progresses. Once REM sleep is over you continue to go back through stages 1 through 4 and start REM sleep again. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Strengthen memory, increase concentration, boost mood, moderate hunger and obesity, fortify disease fighting immune system, lessen risk of fatal accidents |
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Term
| characteristics of sleep disorders: |
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Definition
-Insomnia- a complaint, not really a disorder. Caused by stress, environment and night shifts
20-30% of people report insomnia occasionally or frequently age related, and related to many medical/psychological problems, possibly caused by sleeping pills
Narcolepsy- sufferers experience periodic, overwhelming sleepiness attacks usually last less than 5 minutes may collapse into a REM sleep and loose muscle tension
Sleep apnea- breathing stops during sleep (CO2 builds up)- wake up numerous times
Night terrors- target children, they may sit up or walk around talk incoherently, experience a doubling of heart and breathing rates, appear terrified occur during stage 4 sleep |
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Term
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Definition
-To satisfy our own wishes
-to file away memories
-to develop and preserve neural pathways
-to make sense of neural static
-to reflect cognitive development
-freud’s wish fulfillment
-dreams provide a “psychic safety valve” where we can express otherwise unacceptable feelings
-information-processing
-dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories
-physiological function
-regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways
-activation-synthesis
-REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories
-dream content reflects dreamer’s cognitive development- their knowledge and understanding |
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Term
| effects of sleep deprivation |
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Definition
-slow reaction times
-errors on visual tasks (baggage screening, performing surgery, driving, piloting, |
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Term
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Definition
| -a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur it cannot help recall forgotten events. “hypnotically refreshed” memories combine fact with fiction, the hypnotist plants ideas in the subject’s mind. it can be useful therapy. “posthypnotic suggestions” help alleviate headaches, asthma, and stress related skin disorders. it can also treat obesity. it cannot treat drug, alcohol and smoking addictions. |
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Term
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Definition
- Interpretation and attentional spotlights influence our ordinary perceptions the more the subject likes and trusts the hypnotist, the more they allow them to direct their attention to fantasies
-subject will follow a command only when the experiment is taking place of things life identity disorder and demon possession and extensions of everyday social behavior, not something unique to hypnosis |
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Term
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Definition
| subjects will sometimes carry out suggested behaviors on cue, even when no one is watching. there is more to thinking and acting than we are conscious of information processing is divided into simultaneous conscious and subconscious realms (behavior occurs on autopilot) |
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