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Carries blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of lungs
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Carries blood to and from the body
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Definition
| carry blood away from and to the heart |
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Definition
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•Networks between arteries and veins
•Exchange materials between blood and tissues
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Definition
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Are the smallest branches of arteries
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Definition
| collects blood from systemic circuit |
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Definition
| collects blood from pulmonary circiut |
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Definition
| pumps blood into pulmonary circuit |
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Definition
| pumps blood into systemic circuit |
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Definition
| double lining of pericardial cavity |
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Definition
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Definition
| inner layer of pericardium |
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Term
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Definition
outer layer
visceral pericardium
covers the heart |
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Term
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Definition
middle layer
muscular wall of the heart
concentric layers of cardiac muscle tissue |
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Definition
inner layer
continuous with blood vessels |
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Definition
interconnect cardiac muscle cells
secured by desmosomes
linked by gap junctions
convey force of contraction
propagate action potentials |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| atrioventricular (AV) valves |
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Definition
connects right atrium to right ventricle and connects left atrium to left ventricle
the fibrous flaps that form the bicuspid and tricuspid valves
permit flow in one direction: atria to ventricles |
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Term
| cardiac skeleton of the heart |
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Definition
physically support cardiac muscle fibers
distribute forces of contraction
add strength and prevent over expansion of the heart
elastic fibers return heart to originall shape after contraction |
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Term
| the cardiac (fibrous) skeleton |
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Definition
four bands around heart valves and bases of pulmonary trunk and aorta
stabilize valves
electrically insulate ventricular cells from atrial cells |
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Term
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Definition
single contraction
in series: first atria then ventricles |
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Term
| contractile cells (type of cardiac muscle cell) |
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Definition
| produce contractions that propel blood |
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Term
| conducting system (type of cardiac muscle cell) |
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Definition
| controls and coordinates heartbeat |
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Term
| role of calcium ions in cardiac contractions |
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Definition
| contraction of cardiac muscle is produced by an increase of calcium ion concentration around myofibrils |
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Term
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Definition
| cardiac muscle tissue contracts automatically |
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Term
| a system of specialized cardiac muscles cells initiates and distributes electrical impulses that stimulate contraction |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| atrioventicular (AV) node |
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Definition
| junction between atria and ventricals |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| abnormally slow heartrate |
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Definition
| abnormally fast heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
| recording of electrical events in the heart |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
rises during systole, falls during diastole
blood flows from high to low pressure
controlled by timing of contractions
directed by one-way valves |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produced by semilunar valves |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| adjusts heart rate in response to venous return |
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Term
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Definition
sympathetic: norepinephrine increases heart rate
parasympathetic: acetylcholine decreases heart rate |
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Term
| hormones can effect heart rate |
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Definition
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Term
| systolic (blood) pressure |
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Definition
| peak arterial pressure during ventricular systole |
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Term
| diastolic (blood) pressure |
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Definition
| minimal arterial pressure during diastole |
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Definition
| difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure |
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Definition
| cells that send and receive signals |
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Definition
| cells that support and protect neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| cell body (soma) process information |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
common in the CNS
include all skeletal muscle motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| found in sensory neurons of PNS |
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Term
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Definition
| found in special sensory organs (sight, smell, hearing) |
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Term
| somatic sensory receptors |
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Definition
| monitor the outside world and our position in it |
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Term
| visceral/internal sensory receptors |
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Definition
| monitor internal conditions and the status of other organ systems |
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Term
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Definition
| collects sensory information |
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Term
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Definition
| concenrning motor commands |
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Term
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Definition
efferent division
effects skeletal muscle
no long-term survival
voluntary |
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Term
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Definition
part of efferent division
automatic reactions including the sympathetic and parasympathetic
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive (visceral) |
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Term
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Definition
external senses (touch, temp, pressure)
distance sense (sight, smell, hearing) |
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Term
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Definition
| monitor position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints) |
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Term
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Definition
neuroglia (CNS)
maintain blood/brain barrier |
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Term
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Definition
neuroglia (CNS)
myelinate axons in CNS
(mylein: thick lipid covering on an axon, increases action potential) |
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Term
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Definition
neuroglia (CNS)
phagocytic cells, removes waste and pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
neuroglia (CNS)
cells line central canal of spinal cord, and ventricles, produces cerebral spinal fluid |
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Term
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Definition
(neuroglia in PNS)
surround ganglia
regulate environment around neuron |
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Term
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Definition
neuroglia in PNS
form myelin sheath (neurilamma) around peripheral axons
one Schwann cell sheaths one segment of axon |
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Term
| enlargements of the spinal cord |
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Definition
caused by amount of gray matter in segment and involvement with sensory and motor nerves of limbs
cervical and lumbar englargements |
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Term
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Definition
| contains axons of motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| contains axons of sensory neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| contain cell bodies of sensory neurons |
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Term
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Definition
each side of spine:dorsal and ventral roots join to form spinal nerve
mixed nerves:carry both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) fibers |
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Term
| white matter (in spinal cord) |
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Definition
superficial
contains myelinated and unmyelinated axons |
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Term
| grey matter (in spinal cord) |
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Definition
surrounds central canal
contains neuron bodies, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons
has horn-like projections (grey horns |
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Term
| posterior white columns (spinal cord) |
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Definition
| lie between posterior gray horns and posterior median sulcus |
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Term
| anterior white columns (spinal cord) |
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Definition
| lie between anterior grey horns and anterior median fissure |
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Term
| anterior white commissure (spinal cord) |
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Definition
| area where axons cross from one side of spinal cord to the other |
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Term
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Definition
| located on each side of the spinal cord between anterior and posterior columns |
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Term
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Definition
| cervical are named for inferior vertebra and all others are named for superior vertebra |
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Term
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Definition
preserve homeostasis, fast, sensory/motor/inter neurons
brain can facilitate/inhibit |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| posterior column pathway (sensory) |
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Definition
| delivers highly localized sensations of fine touch, pressure, vibration, and propriocepetion to the primary sensory cortex |
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Term
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Definition
pyramidal system
conscious control of skeletal muscles |
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Term
| medial and lateral pathways (motor) |
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Definition
subconscious regulation
muscle tone,controls reflexive skeletal muscle responses to equilibrium sensations and to sudden or strong visual and auditory stimuli
lateral-more distal/precise movement |
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Term
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Definition
| increases alertness, metabolic rate, muscular abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces metabolic rate and promotes digestion |
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Term
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Definition
sympathetic chain ganglia-both sides of vertebral column, control effectors in body wall, inside thoracic cavity, in head, in limbs
collateral ganglia-anterior to vertebral bodies, contain ganglionic neurons that innervate tissues and organs in abdominopelvic cavity
suprarenal (adrenal) medullae-short axons, neurotransmetter in bloodstream, function as hormones (affect target cells) |
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Term
| parts of parasympathetic division |
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Definition
autonomic nuclei-in midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
ganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia-near target organ |
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Term
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Definition
stimulate synthesis of enzymes or structural proteins
increase or decrease rate of synthesis
turn existing enzyme or membrane channel "on" or "off"
structure:amino acid derivatives, peptides, lipids |
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Term
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Definition
| specific cells that possess receptors needed to bind ad "read" hormonal messages |
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Term
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Definition
is a protein molecule to which a particular molecule binds strongly
responds to several different hormones
different tissues have different combinations of receptors
presence or absence of specific receptor determines hormonal sensitivity |
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Term
| hypophyseal portal system |
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Definition
| arrangement of capillary beds to ensure that all the blood reaches target cells in the pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
type 1:insulin deficiency
hyperglycemia:high blood glucose
symptoms: increased thirst, frequent urination, increased food consumption, weight loss, ketosis
treatment: inject insulin
type 2:
body cells do not respond to insulin, no transport of glucose across cell membrane
regulated by diet |
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Term
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Definition
due to iodine insufficiency-causes goiter
listlessness, low bmr, sleepiness, mental sluggishness, impaired memory, slowed speech, slowed reflexes |
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Term
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Definition
high BMR-weight loss despite ample food
restlessness
hyper-excitable
sweating
irritability
increased heart rate
exaggerated response stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulate the production of one or more hormones in the anterior pituitary (from the hypothalamus) |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent the synthesis and secretion of pituitary hormones (from the hypothalamus) |
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Term
| hypothalamus in endocrine regulation |
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Definition
RH and IH
ADH and oxytocin to posterior pituitary to body
autonomic nervous centers control endocrine cells of adrenal medullae-sympathetic-hormones to blood stream |
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Term
| blood (anatomy and physiology) |
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Definition
specialized fluid of connective tissue
contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix
transportation of dissolved substances
regulations of pH and ions
restriction of fluid losses at injury sites
defense against toxins and pathogens
stabilization of body temperature |
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Term
| composition of whole blood |
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Definition
46-63% plasma
37-54% formed elements
Hematocrit (PCV)-percentage of RBC
males greater |
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Term
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Definition
thin in middle thicker at edge
high surface to volume ratio
can squeeze thru small capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
red pigment
binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
secreted when oxygen in peripheral tissues is low (hypoxia)
due to disease or high altitude |
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Term
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Definition
surface proteins that identify cells to immune system
only sensitized Rh- blood has anti-Rh antibodies
normal cells ignored/foreign cell attacked
blood types-genetically determined-RBC surface antigens A,B, Rh |
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Term
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Definition
also called leukocytes
no hemoglobin
have nuclei and other organelles
functions: defend against pathogens, remover toxin and wastes, attack abnormal cells |
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Term
| types of white blood cells |
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Definition
neurophils-phagocytosis-kill bacteria
eosinophils-attack large parasites via Nitric oxide&Cytotoxic enzymes
basophils-release histamine/dilates blood vessels, release heparin/prevents blood clotting
monocytes-enter peripheral tissue and become macrophages, secret attract immune system cells
lymphocytes-migrate in and out of blood, part of specific defense system |
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Term
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Definition
cell fragments involved in clotting system
hemostasis- cessation of bleeding |
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Term
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Definition
dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater |
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