• Heraclitus

• Nothing is permanent or stable therefore, Being is not and Becoming is

• Everything is reduced down to the element water (bullets following explain why he believed this)

• Necessity
• Present in most things
• Everywhere
• More plentiful
• Comes in different forms

• The stuff behind the 4 elemnts could not be one of the elements.
• The substance that makes up the 4 elements can never be encountered with our senses.

• Believed that the primordial stuff was air which when rarefied become fire, and when condensed became wind, then cloud, then water, then earth, then stone.

• All relatioships can be expressed numerically
• #s are the ultimate building blocks of everything

Everything is in constant flux, therefore the truth is always changing.

(i.e. "You can never step twice into the same river.")

• Only being is, change is an illusion. 
• To have knowledge there must be permanence, something that is unchaning.

• Parmenides student
• Came up with arguments that supported Parmenides
• To get to the door from the desk you must go half way, then half way from that, then half way from that and on and on and on, therefore you can never actually reach the door

• Tried to reconcile the theory of Heaclitus and Pamenides
• Space is not material but simply a void to allow the atoms to transverse or to change from one location to another

• Only interested in the questions of morality
• Feared that the politicians and young men of Athens were fixated on power

• Intellectuals
• Gathered a wide range of info based upn the observation of a multitude of cultural facts

• "Man is the measure of all things." Everything is relative to each individual
• Socrates believes that relativism will make us worse people, less brave, and more lazy.

• Athens was hyprocritical for arresting him because they prided themselves on the freedom of it's citizens (especially freedom of speach)
• Socrates was hypocritical for following the laws of Athens while disagreeing with their ideas of a Democracy

• Corrupting the youth
• Not beleiving in the Gods that were recognized by Athens at the time
• Only believing in One God

• He believed that only those who know should rule the people
• Therefore people can not govern themselves because they don't know how to do so

• He believed that humans have an end or purpose. We live a morally good life insofar as we perform out distinctively human function well.

1. appetites- seek to satisfy our biological instinctive urges
2. spirit- drive toward any action, part of the soul that is courageous, vigourous, and strong willed
3. reason- the falculty that calculates, measures, and decides

In Plato's idea world the best minds and finest souls should rule. Philospher kinds owned no possesions and had no wife, children, or family. There are three classes of people.

1. Those who are ruled by appetites (i.e. producers, merchants, traders)
2. Those ruled by their passions and motivated by ambition, loyalty, honor, and courage (i.e. police, militia, civil servants, federal agents, administrators)
3. Those governed by reason and reason alone (i.e. guardians/Philosopher-Kings)

1. Whatever is in motion is moved by something else, if something is at rest it is only potentially in motion. So something else must have put the moving object in motion, God.
2. Some things are caused at it's premise and reasons to the conclusion that to account for this (since chain of cause can't be infinite) we ultimately arrive @ the first cause, God.
3. Being are contingent as opposed to necessart, but if this were trye nothing would ever have existed. So there must be one thing that is necessary and in its own rights, God.
4. In order for things to be more or less good there must be a supreme entity which is the source of all goodness, God.
5. Non-concious objects can often operate fir the sake of some end (or tend toward a goal) such behaviour could not be manifester by things which lack awareness unless directed by an intellectual being, God.