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Exam #1 hks
n/a
52
History
Undergraduate 2
09/21/2014

Additional History Flashcards


 

 


 

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Term
The origin of Homo sapiens
Definition
sub-saharan Africa-- south of the sahara (ethiopia)
about 200,000 years ago
Term
The paleolithic age
Definition
(old stone age)hunting and gathering
Term
The mesolithic age
Definition
)middle stone age) transition to food production
Term
The neolithic age
Definition
(New Stone Age) food production
Term
The chalcolithic age
Definition
(copper-stone age) the beginning of copper metallurgy
Term
The probable reason for the development of food production in the Near East
Definition
a change in climate caused food shortages
Term
The era of transition from hunting and gathering to good production in the Near East
Definition
c. 10,000 to c. 7,000 BCE
Term
corollaries of the growth of food production
Definition
-the establishment of villages
-the rise of political, economic, and gender inequality
-the expansion of warfare
Term
The characteristics of the first cities in the Near East
Definition
distinguished from villages by the presence of full-time warriors, administrators, and priests
Term
Factors in the establishment of the first cities in Mesopotamia
Definition
-population pressures in earlier food-producing areas
-coercive leaders
Term
The sumerian era
Definition
(c.3200- c.2340 BCE)
-independent city-states
-Theocratic rule
-The cuneiform
Term
Mesopotamian religion
Definition
-The gods were first imagined as part of nature, then as humans, and finally as omnipotent rulers
-a rich mythological and liturgical literature was developed
-the cities were dominated by lofty, terraced temples called ziggurats
Term
the akkadian era
Definition
(2340- c.2200 BCE)
-mesopotamia was unified in a single state ruled from the central region, north of sumer
-conquests extended to the west as far as the mediterranean
-the semitic language of the akkadians became the main written language of mesopotamia
Term
the old babylonian era
Definition
(c.2000-c. 1600 BCE)
-the domination of nomadic invaders from the west who embraced sumero-akkadian institutions
-advances in mathematics, including the adoption of the duodecimal system
-the flourishing of literature, including the compiling of the epic of gilgamesh
Term
The code of hammurabi
Definition
the most significant principle was retaliation against offenders
Term
the hittite empire
Definition
(c.750-c. 612 BCE- Asia Minor)
- the sources of its power were its mineral resources and efficient governmental system
-it overthrew the old babylonian state
-the language of its rulers belonged to the indo-european group
Term
the new babylonian empire
Definition
(612-539 BCE)
-its capital became the most famous city of its time in the western eurasian world
-its atrologers' observations became a point of departure for greco-roman atronomy
-it was overthrown by the persians, who annexed all of its territories
Term
The geographical advantages of Egypt over Mesopotamia
Definition
- more regular and consistent river floos, which made its food supply more reliable
-uninhabitable deserts to the east & west, which kept neighbors at a distance
-better mineral resources, which made it more self-sufficent
Term
prehistoric egypt
Definition
(before c.3100 BCE)
-settled farming
-the use of copper tools in addition to stone ones
-a system of writing known as hieroglyphic
Term
the egyptian archaic period
Definition
(c.310- c.2770 BCE)
-the unification of upper & lower egypt by a warrior from upper egypt, who became the first king
Term
the egyptian old kingdom
Definition
(c. 2770-c. 2200)
-the beginning of a period of vastly greater state power and royal absolutism
-the fusion of religious and political life
-the building of the fist pyramid
Term
The egyptian middle kingdom
Definition
(c.2050-1786 BCE)
-an alliance between the monarchy and the middle class, which resulted in unprecedented prosperity
-extensive drainage and irrigation projects instead of the building of pyramids
-religious changes emphasizing moral conduct and personal salvation rather than ritual
Term
the egyptian new kingdom
Definition
(c.1560-1087 BCE)
-a regime that was much more highly consolidated than previous ones
-patriotism and a reduction of local loyalties and the power of the nobles
-aggressive militarism and imperialism
Term
phases of egyptian religious evolution
Definition
-the merging of local quardian deities into the sun god Re, later combined with Amon as Amon-Re
-the development of the myth of Osiris and Isis, conveying a promise of personal immortality
-the belief that the victory of Horus over set foreshadowed the ultimate ascendancy of good over evil
Term
differences between ancient egyptian and mesopotamian religions
Definition
-its emphasis on animal deities
-its doctrine that the king was a god
-its optimism and the belief that the dead might be resurrected
Term
the legacy of ancient egypt to world civilizations
Definition
-a solar calendar, which was the best in antiquity
-the division of the corcle into 360 degrees and the calculations of the value of pi
-the hypothesis that diseases had natural causes and thus could be diagnosed and treated
Term
the historicity of the early biblical narratives
Definition
narratives about Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, and the founding of ancient Israel are not substantiated
Term
documented events in later Israelite/Jewish history
Definition
(first millennium BCE)
-the destruction of the israelite kingdoms of israel and judah by the assyrains and the new babylonians
-the construction of a temple of jerusalem and the compilation of the jewish bible during the persian era
-the existence of an independent jewish kingdom during the second and first centuries BCE
Term
stages of hebrew religious evolution according to certain modern historians
Definition
-polytheism: belief in multiple gods;prevalent in early bronze age societies
-monolatry: worship of Yahweh; the existence of other gods not denied (c.1250 BCE)
-Monotheism: belief in a single god and the necessity of ethical conduct (c.750-c.550 BCE)
-messianism: expectation of the appearance of the Messiah and final judgment (c. 400- c.70 BCE)
Term
The legacy of the hebrews
Definition
their monotheistic theology influenced christianity and islam
Term
early aegean civilization
Definition
its agricultural potential was limited, so it focused more on maritime trade than egypt and mesopotamia
Term
minoan civilization
Definition
several prosperous cities co-existed peacefully on Crete when it was at its peal (c. 2000- c.1500 BCE)
Term
Mycenaean civilization
Definition
it was more involved in warfare than the minoan civilization
Term
the significance of aegean civilization
Definition
it purportedly had a worldy and progressive outlook
Term
the indus valley civilization
Definition
(c. 3200- c. 1600)
-it depended on irrigation from the indus river as well as a rainy season for food production
- it was a centralized urban society with an extensive trade network
-it developed a system of writing, which has not yet been deciphered
Term
indo-aryan civilization
Definition
(c. 1600- c. 550 BCE)
it developed after the migration of tribes from western Russia into northwestern India
Term
early aryan religion
Definition
it included a pantheon of gods who personified the forces of nature
Term
the hindu caste system
Definition
(developed c. 1000- c. 500 BCE)
-occupational specialization
-endogamy
-different practices concerning ritual purity
Term
Hindu beliefs and practices
Definition
-polytheism
-the honoring of cattle
-a belief in the transmigration of souls
Term
the origins of buddhism
Definition
- founder: gautama, called the buddha ( c.563-483 BCE)
-principal teaching: suffering stemmed from desire
Term
the development of buddhism
Definition
-the hinayana sect emphasized individual salvation (sri lanka and southeast asia)
the mahayana sect emphasized the redemption of the entire human race (Tibet and the north)
-it developed a system of monasticism based on vows of poverty and chastity
Term
the maurya empire of northern india
Definition
(3rd century BCE)
failure of numerous small states to resist foreign invasions stimulated unification
Term
the Yangshao culture of china
Definition
(c. 5000- c. 3000)
-slash and burn agriculture producing millet
-domesticated pigs, dogs, chickens, cattle, sheep, and goats
-silk production
Term
the Xia (Hsia) dynasty of china
Definition
(c. 2200-c. 1750 BCE?)
it is legendary, and its existence has not yet been substantiated by any firm physical evidence
Term
innovations during the period of the shang dynasty of china
Definition
(c. 1750-c. 1100 BCE)
-the use of chariots in war
-sophisticated bronze technology
-an ideographic system of writing
Term
institutions of the Shang era
Definition
-the central focus was the king, who ruled at the summit of a vast kinship structure
-there was no private property: everything was owned by the king
-the kind was head shaman, the link between the spiritual worlds of the ancestors and human society
Term
the significance of the Zhou era of china
Definition
(c. 1100-256 BCE)
the "classical age of china": the foundation for the family of cultures of East Asia
Term
the culture of the Zhou era
Definition
-warfare gradually reduced the number of independent states
-private ownership of land increased
-intense political competition supplied opportunities for individual talent & initiative
Term
the chinese sytem of writing
Definition
-ideographic
-high status and prestige was awarded to scholars
Term
Confucianism
Definition
- founder: confucius (c. 551- 479 BCE)
goal: to teach rulers how to establish not only order but also justice
Term
Daoism
Definition
-founder: Laozi (6th century BCE?)
-it exalted in nature, idealized the primitive, and suggested that civilization caused corruption
Term
Legalism
Definition
-founded in the late Zhou era
the solution for the problem of anarchy is an authoritarian state
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