Term
| The origin of Homo sapiens |
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Definition
sub-saharan Africa-- south of the sahara (ethiopia)
about 200,000 years ago |
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Term
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Definition
| (old stone age)hunting and gathering |
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Term
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Definition
| )middle stone age) transition to food production |
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Term
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Definition
| (New Stone Age) food production |
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Term
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Definition
| (copper-stone age) the beginning of copper metallurgy |
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Term
| The probable reason for the development of food production in the Near East |
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Definition
| a change in climate caused food shortages |
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Term
| The era of transition from hunting and gathering to good production in the Near East |
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Definition
| c. 10,000 to c. 7,000 BCE |
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Term
| corollaries of the growth of food production |
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Definition
-the establishment of villages
-the rise of political, economic, and gender inequality
-the expansion of warfare |
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Term
| The characteristics of the first cities in the Near East |
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Definition
| distinguished from villages by the presence of full-time warriors, administrators, and priests |
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Term
| Factors in the establishment of the first cities in Mesopotamia |
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Definition
-population pressures in earlier food-producing areas
-coercive leaders |
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Term
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Definition
(c.3200- c.2340 BCE)
-independent city-states
-Theocratic rule
-The cuneiform |
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Term
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Definition
-The gods were first imagined as part of nature, then as humans, and finally as omnipotent rulers
-a rich mythological and liturgical literature was developed
-the cities were dominated by lofty, terraced temples called ziggurats |
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Term
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Definition
(2340- c.2200 BCE)
-mesopotamia was unified in a single state ruled from the central region, north of sumer
-conquests extended to the west as far as the mediterranean
-the semitic language of the akkadians became the main written language of mesopotamia |
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Term
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Definition
(c.2000-c. 1600 BCE)
-the domination of nomadic invaders from the west who embraced sumero-akkadian institutions
-advances in mathematics, including the adoption of the duodecimal system
-the flourishing of literature, including the compiling of the epic of gilgamesh |
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Term
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Definition
| the most significant principle was retaliation against offenders |
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Term
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Definition
(c.750-c. 612 BCE- Asia Minor)
- the sources of its power were its mineral resources and efficient governmental system
-it overthrew the old babylonian state
-the language of its rulers belonged to the indo-european group |
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Term
| the new babylonian empire |
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Definition
(612-539 BCE)
-its capital became the most famous city of its time in the western eurasian world
-its atrologers' observations became a point of departure for greco-roman atronomy
-it was overthrown by the persians, who annexed all of its territories |
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Term
| The geographical advantages of Egypt over Mesopotamia |
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Definition
- more regular and consistent river floos, which made its food supply more reliable
-uninhabitable deserts to the east & west, which kept neighbors at a distance
-better mineral resources, which made it more self-sufficent |
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Term
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Definition
(before c.3100 BCE)
-settled farming
-the use of copper tools in addition to stone ones
-a system of writing known as hieroglyphic |
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Term
| the egyptian archaic period |
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Definition
(c.310- c.2770 BCE)
-the unification of upper & lower egypt by a warrior from upper egypt, who became the first king |
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Term
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Definition
(c. 2770-c. 2200)
-the beginning of a period of vastly greater state power and royal absolutism
-the fusion of religious and political life
-the building of the fist pyramid |
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Term
| The egyptian middle kingdom |
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Definition
(c.2050-1786 BCE)
-an alliance between the monarchy and the middle class, which resulted in unprecedented prosperity
-extensive drainage and irrigation projects instead of the building of pyramids
-religious changes emphasizing moral conduct and personal salvation rather than ritual |
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Term
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Definition
(c.1560-1087 BCE)
-a regime that was much more highly consolidated than previous ones
-patriotism and a reduction of local loyalties and the power of the nobles
-aggressive militarism and imperialism |
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Term
| phases of egyptian religious evolution |
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Definition
-the merging of local quardian deities into the sun god Re, later combined with Amon as Amon-Re
-the development of the myth of Osiris and Isis, conveying a promise of personal immortality
-the belief that the victory of Horus over set foreshadowed the ultimate ascendancy of good over evil |
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Term
| differences between ancient egyptian and mesopotamian religions |
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Definition
-its emphasis on animal deities
-its doctrine that the king was a god
-its optimism and the belief that the dead might be resurrected |
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Term
| the legacy of ancient egypt to world civilizations |
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Definition
-a solar calendar, which was the best in antiquity
-the division of the corcle into 360 degrees and the calculations of the value of pi
-the hypothesis that diseases had natural causes and thus could be diagnosed and treated |
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Term
| the historicity of the early biblical narratives |
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Definition
| narratives about Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, and the founding of ancient Israel are not substantiated |
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Term
| documented events in later Israelite/Jewish history |
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Definition
(first millennium BCE)
-the destruction of the israelite kingdoms of israel and judah by the assyrains and the new babylonians
-the construction of a temple of jerusalem and the compilation of the jewish bible during the persian era
-the existence of an independent jewish kingdom during the second and first centuries BCE |
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Term
| stages of hebrew religious evolution according to certain modern historians |
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Definition
-polytheism: belief in multiple gods;prevalent in early bronze age societies
-monolatry: worship of Yahweh; the existence of other gods not denied (c.1250 BCE)
-Monotheism: belief in a single god and the necessity of ethical conduct (c.750-c.550 BCE)
-messianism: expectation of the appearance of the Messiah and final judgment (c. 400- c.70 BCE) |
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Term
| The legacy of the hebrews |
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Definition
| their monotheistic theology influenced christianity and islam |
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Term
| early aegean civilization |
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Definition
| its agricultural potential was limited, so it focused more on maritime trade than egypt and mesopotamia |
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Term
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Definition
| several prosperous cities co-existed peacefully on Crete when it was at its peal (c. 2000- c.1500 BCE) |
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Term
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Definition
| it was more involved in warfare than the minoan civilization |
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Term
| the significance of aegean civilization |
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Definition
| it purportedly had a worldy and progressive outlook |
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Term
| the indus valley civilization |
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Definition
(c. 3200- c. 1600)
-it depended on irrigation from the indus river as well as a rainy season for food production
- it was a centralized urban society with an extensive trade network
-it developed a system of writing, which has not yet been deciphered |
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Term
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Definition
(c. 1600- c. 550 BCE)
it developed after the migration of tribes from western Russia into northwestern India |
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Term
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Definition
| it included a pantheon of gods who personified the forces of nature |
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Term
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Definition
(developed c. 1000- c. 500 BCE)
-occupational specialization
-endogamy
-different practices concerning ritual purity |
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Term
| Hindu beliefs and practices |
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Definition
-polytheism
-the honoring of cattle
-a belief in the transmigration of souls |
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Term
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Definition
- founder: gautama, called the buddha ( c.563-483 BCE)
-principal teaching: suffering stemmed from desire |
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Term
| the development of buddhism |
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Definition
-the hinayana sect emphasized individual salvation (sri lanka and southeast asia)
the mahayana sect emphasized the redemption of the entire human race (Tibet and the north)
-it developed a system of monasticism based on vows of poverty and chastity |
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Term
| the maurya empire of northern india |
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Definition
(3rd century BCE)
failure of numerous small states to resist foreign invasions stimulated unification |
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Term
| the Yangshao culture of china |
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Definition
(c. 5000- c. 3000)
-slash and burn agriculture producing millet
-domesticated pigs, dogs, chickens, cattle, sheep, and goats
-silk production |
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Term
| the Xia (Hsia) dynasty of china |
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Definition
(c. 2200-c. 1750 BCE?)
it is legendary, and its existence has not yet been substantiated by any firm physical evidence |
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Term
| innovations during the period of the shang dynasty of china |
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Definition
(c. 1750-c. 1100 BCE)
-the use of chariots in war
-sophisticated bronze technology
-an ideographic system of writing |
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Term
| institutions of the Shang era |
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Definition
-the central focus was the king, who ruled at the summit of a vast kinship structure
-there was no private property: everything was owned by the king
-the kind was head shaman, the link between the spiritual worlds of the ancestors and human society |
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Term
| the significance of the Zhou era of china |
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Definition
(c. 1100-256 BCE)
the "classical age of china": the foundation for the family of cultures of East Asia |
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Term
| the culture of the Zhou era |
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Definition
-warfare gradually reduced the number of independent states
-private ownership of land increased
-intense political competition supplied opportunities for individual talent & initiative |
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Term
| the chinese sytem of writing |
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Definition
-ideographic
-high status and prestige was awarded to scholars |
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Term
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Definition
- founder: confucius (c. 551- 479 BCE)
goal: to teach rulers how to establish not only order but also justice |
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Term
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Definition
-founder: Laozi (6th century BCE?)
-it exalted in nature, idealized the primitive, and suggested that civilization caused corruption |
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Term
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Definition
-founded in the late Zhou era
the solution for the problem of anarchy is an authoritarian state |
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