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Exam Two
Biology Exam 2
153
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/22/2015

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the 3 functions of the cell? (think of human needs)
Definition

1. obtain nutrients

2. take in o2

3. release waste products

Term
Where does cell vital function occur?
Definition
interstitial fluid (fluid surrounding cells)
Term
To maintain the composition of interstitial fluid we need what 2 things?
Definition

blood

circulatory system

Term
What does blood do? 3 functions
Definition

Transport substances

Regulate homeostasis 

Defense

Term
What involves the homeostasis of blood? 2 things
Definition

Temperature

pH

Term
What is involved in defense with blood? What system?
Definition
immune system
Term
What is blood seperated by? (machine)
Definition
Centrifuge
Term

What is the main component in blood is what? (55%)

 

*at top of test tube, yellow

Definition
Plasma
Term

What is the middle layer of blood in a test tube? (1%)

 

*thin, clear layer

Definition
Platelets & WBC
Term

What is the bottom layer of test tube for blood? (44%)

 

Red

Definition
RBC's
Term
This portion is the liquid portion of blood
Definition
plasma
Term
This portion of blood helps clotting
Definition
platelets
Term
What part of blood functions in the immune system?
Definition
WBC's
Term
What part of blood transports o2 and co2?
Definition
RBC's
Term
Percentage of blood consisting of RBC's
Definition
hematocrit
Term

The following are components of what?

 

water

electrolytes

proteins

gases

nutrients/waste

lipids

Definition
plasma
Term
How many o2 per hemoglobin can be carried?
Definition
4
Term
What is the shape of RBC's?
Definition
biconcave (flat on both sides, more flexible)
Term
What organelles does oxygen not have?
Definition
nucleus and mitochondria
Term
What does O2 bind to in RBC's?
Definition

hemoglobin

specifically iron in heme groups 

Term
What binds o2 tightly?
Definition
oxyhemoglobin
Term
What releases O2?
Definition
deoxyhemoglobin
Term

Name the Leukocyte (WBC):

 

most abdundant (60%)

surrounds and engulfs foreing cells

# rise dramatically in bacterial infection

Definition
neutrophils
Term

Name the Leukocyte (WBC):

(2-4%)

Attack large parasites by releasing enzymes 

moderate allergic reactions

Definition
eosinophils
Term

Name the Leukocyte (WBC):

(0.5%)

 

release histamine following injury to stimulate inflammation

moderate allergic reaction

Definition
basophils
Term

Name the Leukocyte (WBC):

 

(5%)

move into tissues and differentite to macrophages

 

macrophages engulf invaders and debris

Definition
monocytes
Term

Name the Leukocyte (WBC):

 

(30%)

B and T

Make antibodies

Target bacteria, viruses and cancer cells

Definition
lymphocytes
Term
Where do blood cells come from?
Definition
Stem cells in red bone marrow
Term
How long do RBC's live?
Definition
120 days
Term
"blast" is what type of cell?
Definition
precursor
Term
"cyte" is what type of cell?
Definition
mature cell
Term
Erythrocyte is what type of cell?
Definition
RBC
Term
Leukocyte is what type of cell?
Definition
WBC
Term
Hormone that stimulates RBC's
Definition
erythropoietin (EPO)
Term
What type of feedback is RBC production?
Definition
negative
Term
Where are the o2 sensitive cells that cause release of erythropoietin?
Definition
kidneys
Term
Inabililty to clot due to lack of a factor
Definition
hemophilia
Term

The following are steps of what?

 

vessel injury

blood vessel contraction

platelet plug formation

clot formation

Definition
hemostasis
Term
proteins on the surface of RBC's
Definition
antigens
Term
If I have type A blood, what antigen do I have?
Definition
A
Term
If the immune system recognizes non-self antigens, what will it create to destroy these?
Definition
antibodies
Term
What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?
Definition
Support, protect, move, blood cell formation, mineral storage
Term

Name the type of skeletal tissue:

 

This is strong, supportive and builds the skeleton

Definition
bone
Term

Name the type of skeletal tissue:

 

This is elastic and acts as a cushion for the skeletal system

Definition
Cartilage
Term

Name the type of skeletal tissue:

 

This type of tissue connects bone to bone

Definition
ligaments
Term
What are bone cells called?
Definition
osteocytes
Term
What type of cell deposits new cartilage at the outer surface of growth plate?
Definition
Chondroblasts
Term
What type of cell converts cartilage to bone at the inner surface of the growth plate?
Definition
osteoblasts
Term
What controls the growth process in bones?
Definition
Hormones; growth and sex hormones
Term

Name the type of cell:

 

cartilage forming cells that build a model of the future bone

Definition
chondroblasts
Term

Name the cell:

 

young bone forming cells that cause the hard ECM of bone to develop

Definition
osteoblasts
Term

Name the cell:

 

mature bone cells that maintain the structure of bone

Definition
osteocytes
Term

Name the cell:

 

bone dissolving cells

Definition
osteoclasts
Term
What happens if you have more osteoclasts than osteoblasts?
Definition
gradual bone loss which leads to osteoporosis
Term
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
Definition
7
Term
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
Definition
12
Term
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
Definition
5
Term
What are the intervertebral disks in the spine made of?
Definition
Cartilage
Term
What are the functions of the muscular system? (3)
Definition
Movement, resist movement (standing), generate heat (shivering)
Term
What are the 3 types of muscle?
Definition
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Term

Name the type of muscle:

 

voluntary muscle that we control, attach to the skeleton for movement

Definition
skeletal
Term

Name the type of muscle:

 

found in the heart

Definition
cardiac
Term

Name the type of muscle:

 

found in many organs. digestive system, blood vessels, uterus

Definition
smooth
Term
Your whole muscle is made up of muscle bundles called _____.
Definition
fascicles
Term
Muscle bundles/fascicles are surrounded by connective tissue called _____
Definition
fascia
Term
A single muscle cell is called a muscle ______
Definition
fiber
Term
Muscle fibers/cells are composed of many ____
Definition
myofibril
Term
The banded appearance of muscle is called _____
Definition
striated
Term
Temperature regulation is an example of what type of feedback loop?
Definition
Negative
Term
In temperature regulation, what is the control center?
Definition
Hypothalamus (in the brain)
Term
In temperature regulation, what are the effectors?
Definition

Shivering (generates heat)

Constriction of blood vessel (conserves heat)

Term
In temperature regulation, what do the sensors do?
Definition
Sense a change in temperature that requires a body response.
Term
What are the layers of the skin from the top to the bottom? (outside to inside)
Definition

Epidermis (outside)

Dermis (middle)

Hypodermis (inner layer)

Term
What is the function of melanocytes in the epidermis?
Definition
Makes pigment (coloring of skin)
Term
What do the keratinocytes do in the epidermis?
Definition

Waterproof, strength

Top layer is dead cells

Term
This layer of skin contains blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, hair, sebaceous glands
Definition
dermis
Term
This layer of skin is loose connective tissue, contains adipose tissue (cushions/insulates)
Definition
hypodermis
Term
What is the diaphysis of the bone?
Definition
Long, middle section. Contains blood vessels and compact bone, yellow bone marrow
Term
What is the epiphysis of the bone?
Definition
This is the end of long bones. It contains spongy bone and red bone marrow.
Term
How do bones grow?
Definition
Bones grow longer and wider as they mature
Term
What time does ossification begin?
Definition
fetus 2-3 months; begins development of periosteum and blood vessels. Cartilage starts to dissolve
Term

Name the stage of bone development:

 

Has chondroblasts

Forms hyaline cartilage

Creates the model of future bone

Definition
Fetus: first 2 months
Term

Name the stage of bone development:

 
Ossification begins
periosteum and blood vessels begin to develop
cartilage starts to dissolve
osteoblasts enter
Definition
Fetus 2-3 months
Term

Name the stage of bone development:

 
Osteoblasts secrete osteoid (collagen and other proteins) and enzymes
Deposition of hyderoxapatite crystals (calcium phosphate)
Definition
Childhood
Term

Name the stage of bone development:

 
cartilage growth plate
osteoblast activity
bones grow longer and wider
Definition
adolescence
Term

Name the prefix or suffix:

 

Chondro

Definition
Cartilage
Term

Name the prefix or suffix:

 

osteo
Definition
bone
Term

Name the prefix or suffix:

 
cyte
Definition
cell
Term

Name the prefix or suffix:

 
blast
Definition
forming/building
Term

Name the prefix or suffix:

 
clast
Definition
breakdown
Term
When does bone homestasis occur?
Definition
When the number of osteoblasts = number of osteoclasts
Term
With decreased calcium, you have more bone _____ which causes calcium to be released into the blood stream
Definition
breakdown (osteoclast activity)
Term
With increased calcium, you have more bone _____ which causes calcium to be absorbed into the bone
Definition
growth;osteoblast activity
Term
What section of the vertebral column is at the top?
Definition
cervical (c1-c7)
Term
What section of the vertebral column is in the middle?
Definition
thoracic (t1-t12)
Term
What section of the vertebral column is at the bottom?
Definition
Lumbar (L1-L5)
Term

Name the macroscopic structure of muscle:

 

muscle contains bundles called _______

Definition
fasicles
Term

Name the macroscopic structure of muscle:

 

fasicles are surrounded by CT called ____ that comes together to form a tendon

Definition
fascia
Term

Name the microscopic structure of muscle:

 

fasicles contain individual muscle cells called ______

Definition
fibers
Term

Name the macroscopic structure of muscle:

 

fibers contain ______ of contractile proteins

Definition
myofibrils
Term

Name the molecular structure of muscle

 

____ are the thin filaments

____ are the thick filaments

Definition

actin; thin

myosin; thick

Term

Name the molecular structure of muscle:

 

the contractile unit of the muscle (contains actin and myosin)

 

Definition
sarcomere
Term

Excitation contraction coupling

 

the nerve impulse causes a release of neurotransmitter ________

Definition
1. acetylcholine (ACH)
Term

Excitation contraction coupling

 
Acetylcholine binds to ____ on the muscle ___ _______
Definition
2. receptors; cell membrane
Term

Excitation contraction coupling

 
electrical impulse spreads over membrane and down __ _____
Definition
3. T tubules
Term

Excitation contraction coupling

 
electrical impulse causes a release of _____ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
4. Ca2+
Term

Excitation contraction coupling

 Ca2+ binds to _____ causing troponin-tropomyosin to move away from myosin binding site on ___ filament.
Definition
5. troponin; thin
Term

Excitation contraction coupling

 
myosin head group binds to ____ filament and flexes using ____ force generation by a mucle
Definition
6. thin/actin, ATP
Term
What are the 3 sources of energy for skeletal muscle?
Definition
ATP, glucose, creatine phosphate
Term
How many ATP are created per glucose in ANAEROBIC conditions?
Definition
2
Term
How many ATP are created per glucose in AEROBIC conditions?
Definition
34
Term
What causes the difference between ATP creation in anaerobic versus aerobic conditions?
Definition
In aerobic conditions there is mitochondrial respiration
Term

Name the muscle fiber

 

focuses on endurance- use aerobic metabolism

lots of mitochondria, good blood supply, myoglobin to store O2

Definition
slow
Term

Name the muscle fiber

 

focus on power over short term, use anaerobic metabolism

breakdown ATP quickly

produce lots of force

Definition
fast twitch
Term

Name the type of cell (broadly)

 

short cells connected by intercalated discs

Definition
cardiac muscle
Term

The discs in cardiac muscle have junctions. Name the junction:

 

This type of junction is for strength

Definition
adhesion
Term

The discs in cardiac muscle have junctions. Name the junction:

 
sends signals from one cell to the next to coordinate heart contraction
Definition
gap
Term

Name the type of muscle found in the following:

 

blood vessels and organ walls

Definition
smooth
Term
Are smooth muscles voluntary or involuntary?
Definition
involuntary
Term

Blood: Plasma

 

Na+ is an example of what?

 

Definition
electrolytes, ion
Term

Blood: Plasma

 

Antibodies, clotting factors, etc. are examples of what?

Definition
Protein
Term

Blood: Plasma

 

Cholesterol is an example of what?

Definition
Lipid
Term

Blood: Plasma

 

Co2, O2 are examples of what?

Definition
Gas
Term

Blood: Plasma

 

What is glucose an example of?

Definition
Nutrient
Term
What is the best pH for hemoglobin/o2 binding?
Definition
7.4
Term
What hormone stimulates the creation of RBC's?
Definition
Erythropoetin (EPO)
Term
Where are the cells that secrete EPO located? This happens when O2 carrying capacity of the blood decreases.
Definition
Kidney
Term
What is hemostasis?
Definition
The process of preventing blood loss from injury.
Term
Hemophilia is a disorder where what happens?
Definition
Clotting factors are missing; cant form clots
Term
Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood
Definition
Anemia
Term
Anything that reduces the # of RBC's or amount of hemoglobin can lead to what condition?
Definition
Anemia
Term

Structure of blood vessel:

 

endothelium

 

Definition
Inner layer
Term

Structure of blood vessel:

 

smooth muscle

Definition
middle layer
Term

Structure of blood vessel

 

connective tissue

Definition
outer layer
Term
These blood vessels carry blood away from the heart
Definition
Arteries
Term
These blood vessels carry blood to the heart
Definition
Veins
Term
Smaller, o2 rich blood vessels just before capillaries
Definition
arterioles
Term
This is where gas exchange occurs in blood vessels
Definition
capillaries
Term
Smaller, more narrow, oxygen poor blood vessels just after capillaries
Definition
venules
Term
This structure prevents backflow of blood in veins
Definition
valves
Term
Which side of the heart is pulmonary?
Definition
Right
Term
What part of the heart is systemic?
Definition
Left
Term
In the cardiac cycle, what does systolic do?
Definition
Contracts
Term
In the cardiac cycle, what does diastolic do?
Definition
Relaxes/fills
Term
What does the heart have to prevent backflow of blood?
Definition
Valves
Term
Whats the pacemaker of the heart?
Definition
SA node
Term
From the SA node, where does the electrical impulse go?
Definition
AV node (denoted by P wave EKG)
Term
From the AV node, the impulse goes through what fibers?
Definition
AV bundle to the purkinje fibers (QRS complex on EKG)
Term
This signals the end of the conduction system and the heart relaxes
Definition
Diastolic (T wave on EKG)
Term
High blood pressure is called what?
Definition
Hypertension
Term
Hypertension is defined as what?
Definition
140/90 or above
Term

140/90

 

140 is considered what number?

Definition
systolic
Term

140/90

 

what is 90?

Definition
diastolic
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