Term
What are the 3 functions of the cell? (think of human needs) |
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Definition
1. obtain nutrients
2. take in o2
3. release waste products |
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Term
Where does cell vital function occur? |
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Definition
interstitial fluid (fluid surrounding cells) |
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Term
To maintain the composition of interstitial fluid we need what 2 things? |
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Definition
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Term
What does blood do? 3 functions |
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Definition
Transport substances
Regulate homeostasis
Defense |
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Term
What involves the homeostasis of blood? 2 things |
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Definition
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Term
What is involved in defense with blood? What system? |
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Definition
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Term
What is blood seperated by? (machine) |
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Definition
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Term
What is the main component in blood is what? (55%)
*at top of test tube, yellow |
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Definition
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Term
What is the middle layer of blood in a test tube? (1%)
*thin, clear layer |
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Definition
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Term
What is the bottom layer of test tube for blood? (44%)
Red |
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Definition
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Term
This portion is the liquid portion of blood |
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Definition
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Term
This portion of blood helps clotting |
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Definition
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Term
What part of blood functions in the immune system? |
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Definition
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Term
What part of blood transports o2 and co2? |
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Definition
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Term
Percentage of blood consisting of RBC's |
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Definition
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Term
The following are components of what?
water
electrolytes
proteins
gases
nutrients/waste
lipids |
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Definition
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Term
How many o2 per hemoglobin can be carried? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the shape of RBC's? |
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Definition
biconcave (flat on both sides, more flexible) |
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Term
What organelles does oxygen not have? |
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Definition
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Term
What does O2 bind to in RBC's? |
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Definition
hemoglobin
specifically iron in heme groups |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Name the Leukocyte (WBC):
most abdundant (60%)
surrounds and engulfs foreing cells
# rise dramatically in bacterial infection |
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Definition
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Term
Name the Leukocyte (WBC):
(2-4%)
Attack large parasites by releasing enzymes
moderate allergic reactions |
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Definition
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Term
Name the Leukocyte (WBC):
(0.5%)
release histamine following injury to stimulate inflammation
moderate allergic reaction |
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Definition
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Term
Name the Leukocyte (WBC):
(5%)
move into tissues and differentite to macrophages
macrophages engulf invaders and debris |
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Definition
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Term
Name the Leukocyte (WBC):
(30%)
B and T
Make antibodies
Target bacteria, viruses and cancer cells |
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Definition
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Term
Where do blood cells come from? |
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Definition
Stem cells in red bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
"blast" is what type of cell? |
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Definition
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Term
"cyte" is what type of cell? |
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Definition
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Term
Erythrocyte is what type of cell? |
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Definition
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Term
Leukocyte is what type of cell? |
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Definition
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Term
Hormone that stimulates RBC's |
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Definition
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Term
What type of feedback is RBC production? |
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Definition
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Term
Where are the o2 sensitive cells that cause release of erythropoietin? |
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Definition
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Term
Inabililty to clot due to lack of a factor |
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Definition
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Term
The following are steps of what?
vessel injury
blood vessel contraction
platelet plug formation
clot formation |
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Definition
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Term
proteins on the surface of RBC's |
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Definition
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Term
If I have type A blood, what antigen do I have? |
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Definition
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Term
If the immune system recognizes non-self antigens, what will it create to destroy these? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system? |
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Definition
Support, protect, move, blood cell formation, mineral storage |
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Term
Name the type of skeletal tissue:
This is strong, supportive and builds the skeleton |
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Definition
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Term
Name the type of skeletal tissue:
This is elastic and acts as a cushion for the skeletal system |
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Definition
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Term
Name the type of skeletal tissue:
This type of tissue connects bone to bone |
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Definition
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Term
What are bone cells called? |
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Definition
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Term
What type of cell deposits new cartilage at the outer surface of growth plate? |
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Definition
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Term
What type of cell converts cartilage to bone at the inner surface of the growth plate? |
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Definition
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Term
What controls the growth process in bones? |
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Definition
Hormones; growth and sex hormones |
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Term
Name the type of cell:
cartilage forming cells that build a model of the future bone |
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Definition
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Term
Name the cell:
young bone forming cells that cause the hard ECM of bone to develop |
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Definition
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Term
Name the cell:
mature bone cells that maintain the structure of bone |
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Definition
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Term
Name the cell:
bone dissolving cells |
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Definition
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Term
What happens if you have more osteoclasts than osteoblasts? |
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Definition
gradual bone loss which leads to osteoporosis |
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Term
How many cervical vertebrae are there? |
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Definition
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Term
How many thoracic vertebrae are there? |
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Definition
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Term
How many lumbar vertebrae are there? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the intervertebral disks in the spine made of? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the functions of the muscular system? (3) |
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Definition
Movement, resist movement (standing), generate heat (shivering) |
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Term
What are the 3 types of muscle? |
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Definition
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
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Term
Name the type of muscle:
voluntary muscle that we control, attach to the skeleton for movement |
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Definition
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Term
Name the type of muscle:
found in the heart |
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Definition
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Term
Name the type of muscle:
found in many organs. digestive system, blood vessels, uterus |
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Definition
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Term
Your whole muscle is made up of muscle bundles called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
Muscle bundles/fascicles are surrounded by connective tissue called _____ |
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Definition
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Term
A single muscle cell is called a muscle ______ |
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Definition
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Term
Muscle fibers/cells are composed of many ____ |
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Definition
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Term
The banded appearance of muscle is called _____ |
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Definition
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Term
Temperature regulation is an example of what type of feedback loop? |
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Definition
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Term
In temperature regulation, what is the control center? |
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Definition
Hypothalamus (in the brain) |
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Term
In temperature regulation, what are the effectors? |
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Definition
Shivering (generates heat)
Constriction of blood vessel (conserves heat) |
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Term
In temperature regulation, what do the sensors do? |
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Definition
Sense a change in temperature that requires a body response. |
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Term
What are the layers of the skin from the top to the bottom? (outside to inside) |
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Definition
Epidermis (outside)
Dermis (middle)
Hypodermis (inner layer) |
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Term
What is the function of melanocytes in the epidermis? |
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Definition
Makes pigment (coloring of skin) |
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Term
What do the keratinocytes do in the epidermis? |
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Definition
Waterproof, strength
Top layer is dead cells |
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Term
This layer of skin contains blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, hair, sebaceous glands |
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Definition
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Term
This layer of skin is loose connective tissue, contains adipose tissue (cushions/insulates) |
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Definition
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Term
What is the diaphysis of the bone? |
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Definition
Long, middle section. Contains blood vessels and compact bone, yellow bone marrow |
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Term
What is the epiphysis of the bone? |
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Definition
This is the end of long bones. It contains spongy bone and red bone marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
Bones grow longer and wider as they mature |
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Term
What time does ossification begin? |
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Definition
fetus 2-3 months; begins development of periosteum and blood vessels. Cartilage starts to dissolve |
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Term
Name the stage of bone development:
Has chondroblasts
Forms hyaline cartilage
Creates the model of future bone |
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Definition
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Term
Name the stage of bone development:
Ossification begins
periosteum and blood vessels begin to develop
cartilage starts to dissolve
osteoblasts enter |
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Definition
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Term
Name the stage of bone development:
Osteoblasts secrete osteoid (collagen and other proteins) and enzymes
Deposition of hyderoxapatite crystals (calcium phosphate) |
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Definition
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Term
Name the stage of bone development:
cartilage growth plate
osteoblast activity
bones grow longer and wider |
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Definition
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Term
Name the prefix or suffix:
Chondro |
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Definition
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Term
Name the prefix or suffix:
osteo |
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Definition
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Term
Name the prefix or suffix:
cyte |
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Definition
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Term
Name the prefix or suffix:
blast |
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Definition
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Term
Name the prefix or suffix:
clast |
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Definition
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Term
When does bone homestasis occur? |
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Definition
When the number of osteoblasts = number of osteoclasts |
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Term
With decreased calcium, you have more bone _____ which causes calcium to be released into the blood stream |
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Definition
breakdown (osteoclast activity) |
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Term
With increased calcium, you have more bone _____ which causes calcium to be absorbed into the bone |
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Definition
growth;osteoblast activity |
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Term
What section of the vertebral column is at the top? |
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Definition
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Term
What section of the vertebral column is in the middle? |
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Definition
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Term
What section of the vertebral column is at the bottom? |
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Definition
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Term
Name the macroscopic structure of muscle:
muscle contains bundles called _______ |
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Definition
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Term
Name the macroscopic structure of muscle:
fasicles are surrounded by CT called ____ that comes together to form a tendon |
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Definition
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Term
Name the microscopic structure of muscle:
fasicles contain individual muscle cells called ______ |
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Definition
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Term
Name the macroscopic structure of muscle:
fibers contain ______ of contractile proteins |
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Definition
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Term
Name the molecular structure of muscle
____ are the thin filaments
____ are the thick filaments |
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Definition
actin; thin
myosin; thick |
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Term
Name the molecular structure of muscle:
the contractile unit of the muscle (contains actin and myosin)
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Definition
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Term
Excitation contraction coupling
the nerve impulse causes a release of neurotransmitter ________ |
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Definition
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Term
Excitation contraction coupling
Acetylcholine binds to ____ on the muscle ___ _______ |
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Definition
2. receptors; cell membrane |
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Term
Excitation contraction coupling
electrical impulse spreads over membrane and down __ _____ |
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Definition
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Term
Excitation contraction coupling
electrical impulse causes a release of _____ from sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
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Term
Excitation contraction coupling
Ca2+ binds to _____ causing troponin-tropomyosin to move away from myosin binding site on ___ filament. |
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Definition
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Term
Excitation contraction coupling
myosin head group binds to ____ filament and flexes using ____ force generation by a mucle |
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Definition
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Term
What are the 3 sources of energy for skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
ATP, glucose, creatine phosphate |
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Term
How many ATP are created per glucose in ANAEROBIC conditions? |
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Definition
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Term
How many ATP are created per glucose in AEROBIC conditions? |
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Definition
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Term
What causes the difference between ATP creation in anaerobic versus aerobic conditions? |
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Definition
In aerobic conditions there is mitochondrial respiration |
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Term
Name the muscle fiber
focuses on endurance- use aerobic metabolism
lots of mitochondria, good blood supply, myoglobin to store O2 |
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Definition
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Term
Name the muscle fiber
focus on power over short term, use anaerobic metabolism
breakdown ATP quickly
produce lots of force |
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Definition
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Term
Name the type of cell (broadly)
short cells connected by intercalated discs |
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Definition
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Term
The discs in cardiac muscle have junctions. Name the junction:
This type of junction is for strength |
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Definition
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Term
The discs in cardiac muscle have junctions. Name the junction:
sends signals from one cell to the next to coordinate heart contraction |
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Definition
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Term
Name the type of muscle found in the following:
blood vessels and organ walls |
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Definition
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Term
Are smooth muscles voluntary or involuntary? |
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Definition
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Term
Blood: Plasma
Na+ is an example of what?
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Definition
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Term
Blood: Plasma
Antibodies, clotting factors, etc. are examples of what? |
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Definition
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Term
Blood: Plasma
Cholesterol is an example of what? |
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Definition
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Term
Blood: Plasma
Co2, O2 are examples of what? |
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Definition
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Term
Blood: Plasma
What is glucose an example of? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the best pH for hemoglobin/o2 binding? |
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Definition
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Term
What hormone stimulates the creation of RBC's? |
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Definition
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Term
Where are the cells that secrete EPO located? This happens when O2 carrying capacity of the blood decreases. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The process of preventing blood loss from injury. |
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Term
Hemophilia is a disorder where what happens? |
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Definition
Clotting factors are missing; cant form clots |
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Term
Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood |
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Definition
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Term
Anything that reduces the # of RBC's or amount of hemoglobin can lead to what condition? |
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Definition
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Term
Structure of blood vessel:
endothelium
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Definition
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Term
Structure of blood vessel:
smooth muscle |
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Definition
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Term
Structure of blood vessel
connective tissue |
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Definition
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Term
These blood vessels carry blood away from the heart |
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Definition
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Term
These blood vessels carry blood to the heart |
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Definition
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Term
Smaller, o2 rich blood vessels just before capillaries |
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Definition
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Term
This is where gas exchange occurs in blood vessels |
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Definition
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Term
Smaller, more narrow, oxygen poor blood vessels just after capillaries |
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Definition
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Term
This structure prevents backflow of blood in veins |
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Definition
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Term
Which side of the heart is pulmonary? |
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Definition
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Term
What part of the heart is systemic? |
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Definition
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Term
In the cardiac cycle, what does systolic do? |
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Definition
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Term
In the cardiac cycle, what does diastolic do? |
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Definition
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Term
What does the heart have to prevent backflow of blood? |
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Definition
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Term
Whats the pacemaker of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
From the SA node, where does the electrical impulse go? |
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Definition
AV node (denoted by P wave EKG) |
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Term
From the AV node, the impulse goes through what fibers? |
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Definition
AV bundle to the purkinje fibers (QRS complex on EKG) |
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Term
This signals the end of the conduction system and the heart relaxes |
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Definition
Diastolic (T wave on EKG) |
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Term
High blood pressure is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
Hypertension is defined as what? |
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Definition
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Term
140/90
140 is considered what number? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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