Term
| How do bacterial cells divide and grow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of reproduction do bacterial cells undergo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Before a bacterial cell actually divides into two cells. The phase of metabolic growth is known as the __ period? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The time in which the bacterial cell increases in cell mass and cell size. This is known as the __ period. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell is preparing for chromosome replication. Chromosome remains a single, circular DNA molecule. This is known as the __ period. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The period in which DNA replication occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Period in which bacterial chromosome is copied. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A partition or septum forms at midcell between segregated chromosomes. This is known as the __ period. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A partition or septum forms at midcell between segregated chromosomes. This is known as the __ period. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The period in which the cell actually undergoes binary fission. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The interval time between successive binary fissions of cell or population of cells |
|
Definition
| Generation Time (or doubling time) |
|
|
Term
| How many periods does the cell cycle of bacteria have? |
|
Definition
| 3: B period, C period, and D period |
|
|
Term
| What kind of cells undergo sexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 components of sexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
| Mitosis, meiosis, and cytokenises |
|
|
Term
| In sexual reproduction, the phase in which the cell undergoes cell division for growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In sexual reproduction, the stage in which it undergoes division for the formation of sex cells (sperm & egg) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A mature sexual reproductive cell, as a sperm or egg, that unites with another cell to form a new organism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Haploid cells that can combine to create lots of genetic diversity in meiosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell in which it contains only half of it's genetic material requiring half to come from the mother and half to come from the father. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of reproduction involves crossing over, resulting in genetic diversity? |
|
Definition
| Meiosis in sexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
| How diverse are the cells created in binary fission? |
|
Definition
| They are not diverse. They are clones of each other. (Prokaryotic, bacterial cells) |
|
|
Term
| What are some ways that diversity within bacterial cells is created? |
|
Definition
| Mutations, plasmids, tranduction, transformation, conjugation, epigenetics, etc. |
|
|
Term
If Binary Fission was to be explained in 4 steps, which step would be the following?
Cell elongates and DNA is replicated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If Binary Fission was to be explained in 4 steps, which step would be the following?
Cell wall and plasma membrane begins to divide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If Binary Fission was to be explained in 4 steps, which step would be the following?
Cross-wall forms completely around divided DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If Binary Fission was to be explained in 4 steps, which step would be the following?
Cells seperate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long it takes bacterial population to double |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the population grows doubling constantly, this type of growth is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An organism carrying a mutation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The time from entry of a pathogen in to the body until the first symptoms appear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first portion of the growth curve is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Time in which the bacterial cells are adapting to their new environment and compensating for changes in nutritional conditions (which phase of growth) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which periods of the prokaryotic cell cycle cycle correspond to the lag phase of microbial growth? |
|
Definition
B period & C period
Cells must grow in size, take up nutrients, and replicate DNA all in preparation for binary fission |
|
|
Term
| When the population is in an active stage of growth, (which phase of growth) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which periods of the prokaryotic cell cycle cycle correspond to the log growth phase of microbial growth? |
|
Definition
| D period; all cells are undergoing binary fission |
|
|
Term
| The period in which all cells are undergoing binary fission and the generation time is dependent on the species and environmental conditions present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vulnerability to antibiotics is the highest at this stage beacuse many antibiotics affect metabolic processes like protein synthesis in dividing cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The vigor of the population enters a plateau phase. (what phase of growth cycle) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number of viable cells equals the number of nonviable cells (ex. some are alive and some have died at this point) (what phase of growth cycle) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Available nutrients become scare and waste products accumulate. Factors such as O2 may be in short supply. (what phase of growth cycle) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the nutrients in the external environment remain in limited supply or the quantities become exceedingly low, the population enters what phase of the growth curve? |
|
Definition
| Death or log decline phase |
|
|
Term
| Where the number of dying cells far exceeds the number of viable cells. (what phase of growth cycle) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells that under stressful conditions, stop dividing (remain in the B period of the cell cycle) but maintain a very low rate of metabolism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What phase are the specialized cells that are created to withstand unfavorable environmental conditions created in? |
|
Definition
| The log growth phase. These cells remain in the B period of the cell cycle. |
|
|
Term
| What are optimal conditions? |
|
Definition
| The conditions in which a cell grows best |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 factors of optimal conditions discussed in class? |
|
Definition
Temperature
Nutrients
Oxygen requirements
pH levels
Osmotic Pressure (water) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main temperature groups for optimal growth conditions of bacterial cells? |
|
Definition
| Psychrophiles, Mesophiles, Thermophiles |
|
|
Term
| Microbial species that thrive at middle temperature range of 10-45 degrees celsius. Includes pathogens found in warm blooded animals, including humans. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Group of microbial organisms that grow at 0-20 degrees celsius. Many of these are found in the ocean. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Cold loving" microbes that grow at slightly higher minimal and maximal growth temperatures. Including 4, 25 degrees celsius. Many of these are found at 4 degrees celsius in spoiled refrigerated foods. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Heat loving" microbes that thrive at temperatures from 40-60 degrees celsius. Present in compost heaps and hot springs. Can contaminate dairy products because they can survive pasteurization temperatures. |
|
Definition
| Extremophiles, thermophiles |
|
|
Term
| Microbes that grow optimally at temperatures such as 80-95 degrees celsius. Occur near hot-water vents in the ocean. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Optimal temperature range of Mesophiles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Optimal temperature range of Psychrotrophs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Optimal temperature range of Psychrophiles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Optimal temperature range of thermophiles/extremophiles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Optimal growth temperature of hyperthermophiles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organisms that create their own food are known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organisms that must obtain their food from an outside source are known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microbes that have enzymes to deal with oxygen and therefore require it to survive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 enzymes that aerobes possess in order to deal with O2? |
|
Definition
Superoxide
Dismutase
Catalase
Peroxidase |
|
|
Term
| First bacteria are classified as these; do not require O2 to thrive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Growth depends on plentiful supply of O2. Must use the gas as a final electron acceptor to make cellular energy (ATP) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Survive in environments where the concentration of oxygen is relatively low |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microbes that are inhibited or killed if oxygen is present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microbes that grow best in the presence of oxygen but will switch to anaerobic metabolism when oxygen is absent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sporulation occurs ONLY in what two gram positive bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When certain cells experience limited nutrient conditions, dehydration, or high heat; what occurs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ forms around DNA to protect nucleus and cell from dying under extremely harsh conditions; only occurs in 2 types of bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extremely resistant to antibiotics/disinfectants, even radiation and high heat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH: grow optimally at a neutral pH (7) and having a growth pH range that covers three pH units |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH: acid tolerant bacteria, grow best at pH's below 5. Ex. bacteria in dairy products, good for humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH: prefer pH's pf 1-2, are found among archae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A microorganism that lives under conditions of high atmospheric pressure
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Grow optimally at 2-5% or 5-20% NaCl |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Grow optimally at 20-30% NaCl |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Grow optimally at less than 2% NaCl |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microbes that can grow in slightly saline as well as nonsaline environments are known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A polysaccharide derived from red seaweed; contains no nutrients. Melts when heated and then solidifies when cooled. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Liquid media that are contained in tubes and consist of the growth nutrients disolved in water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Media that contains ingredients to inhibit the growth of certain microbes in a mixture while allowing the growth of others. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Media which contain substances that cause some bacteria to take on an appearance that distinguisheds them from other bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Media containing extra vitamins or amino acids to promote growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The exact composition and amounts of the individual amino acids, vitamins, growth factors, and other components that make up the mdium are not exactly known |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The specific chemical composition is known adn the individual components are weighed out exactly to make up the medium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Are the following direct or indirect ways of measuring bacteria?
Microscope counting
SPC/CFU
MPN
Filtering to Concentrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Are the following direct or indirect ways of measuring bacteria?
Turbidity
Gas Exchange
Dry Weight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cloudiness of a sample |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A metabolic pathway which involves the building of larger organic compounds from simpler building blocks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A metabolic that breaks down (hydrolyzes) polymers into simpler molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All the biochemical reations taking place in an organism; managing the material and energy resources of the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Catabolic pathway in which sugars like glucose are broken down into carbon dioxide and water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins that increase the probability of chemical reactions while themselves remaining unchanged. Speed up chemical reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the characteristic of enzymes:
Once a chemical reaction has occurred, the enzyme is released to participate in another identical reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the characteristic of enzymes:
An enzyme that function sin one type of chemical reaction usually will not participate in another type of reaction |
|
Definition
| Enzymes are highly specific |
|
|
Term
Identify the characteristic of enzymes:
Each enzyme has a special pocket or cleft |
|
Definition
| Enzymes have an active site |
|
|
Term
Identify the characteristic of enzymes:
Because an enzyme can be used thousands of times, _____ ______ are needed to ensure that a fast and efficient metabolic effect occurs |
|
Definition
| Enzymes are required in minute amounts |
|
|
Term
| Special pocket or cleft which has a specific three-dimensional shape complementary to a reactant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The substance or substances upon which an enzyme acts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In anabolic metabolism, these link together nucleotides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In anabolic metabolism, these link together the NAG and NAM units to build the bacterial cell wall peptidioglycan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The energy required for a chemical reaction to take place |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What role do enzymes play in activation energy? |
|
Definition
| They bind to the substrate and lower the energy barrier so that it is much more likely that the reaction will occur. They assist in the destabilization of chemical bonds and the formation of new ones by seperating or joining atoms in a careful fashion |
|
|
Term
| A small, organic molecule that forms the nonprotein part of an enzyme molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name two important coenzymes in metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do NAD+ and FAD reduce to? |
|
Definition
NAD+ → NADH
FAD → FADH2
*Electron Carriers |
|
|
Term
| In many metabolic reactions, energy is needed, along with enzymes for reactions to occur. What is the cellular 'energy currency' known as? |
|
Definition
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
|
|
Term
Where is ATP formed:
In bacterial and archaeal cells?
In eukaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
Bacterial/archaeal: On the cell membrane
Eukaryotic: Mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| What is an ATP molecule composed of? |
|
Definition
Adenine
Ribose
3 Phosphate groups
A bonded to R, R bonded to P's |
|
|
Term
| The addition of a phosphate group to another molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can ATP molecules be stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 general purposes of ATP? |
|
Definition
Transport (flagellar motion)
Build (spore formation, active transport)
Reproduce (binary fission) |
|
|
Term
| What is the space between the cell wall and the cell membrane known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is a more stable molecule? ATP or ADP? Explain |
|
Definition
| ADP. ATP is relatively unstable. The 3 phosphate groups in ATP hold a negative charge (like charges repel) so these are unstable and by breaking the 'high energy bond' that holds the last phosphate on the molecule, ADP (which is much more stable) is produced along with a free phosphate group. This drives other energy-requiring reactions through the tranfer of phosphate groups. |
|
|
Term
| Glucose, lactose, mannitol, dextrose are all used for what? |
|
Definition
| These are used for energy storage and the chemical energy in these molecules can be released in catabolic reactions and used to reform ATP from ADP and phosphate |
|
|
Term
| What assists in the transportation of sugars and ions in the cellular membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sequence of chemical reactions, in which the product (output) of one reaction serves as a substrate (input) for the next reaction. Starts with the initial substrate and finishes with the final end product. Products of 'in-betweens' are known as "intermediates" |
|
Definition
Metabolic Pathway
*Can be anabolic or catabolic
*Can also be linear, branched, or cyclic |
|
|
Term
Making ATP by harvesting energy from food
Ex. sugars (glucose) to ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If cells consume oxygen in making ATP in cellular respiration, the process is called ______ _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When cells carry out cellular respiration without using oxygen, this is known as _______ ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which produces more ATP? Cellular Respiration or Fermentation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most ancient form of energy metabolism. Anaerobic. Metabolic pathway in which carbohydrates serve as electron donors, the final electron acceptor is not O2 and NADH is reoxidized to NAD+ for reuse in glycolysis for generation of ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does glycolysis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the very beginning of glycolosis start with and what does the very end, end up with? |
|
Definition
| Converts a 6 carbon substrate, glucose to two 3 carbon molecules called pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to pyruvate and ATP, what else does glycolysis produce? |
|
Definition
| 2 NADH (H+) to be used later |
|
|
Term
| What is the coenzyme for glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of oxygen requirements does glycolysis have? |
|
Definition
| It can occur in the presence or absense of O2 |
|
|
Term
| Identify inputs & outputs of glycolysis |
|
Definition
Input: NAD+ → Output: NADH
Input: Glucose → Output: Pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis (identify 4 steps) |
|
Definition
| Glucose → G3P → PEP → 2 Pyruvates |
|
|
Term
| What is the component of the citric acid cycle (krebs) that has to be added each time for it to continue? |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate molecule from glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| Before pyruvate molecules enter the citric acid cycle, what must they undergo first? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the oxidation that takes place in pyruvate molecules before they enter the CA cycle |
|
Definition
| 2 Pyruvate molecules (3 C). An enzyme comes in and removes 1 C atom from each (these are released as 2 CO2). Remaining 2 carbon atoms of pyruvate are combined with CoA (coenzyme A) to form acetyl CoA. Then they are ready to enter the cycle |
|
|
Term
| Explain what happens as Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle |
|
Definition
2, 2 carbon Acetyl CoA's enter the cycle and combine with 2, 4 carbon oxyloacetates forming citrate (6 carbon)
Citrate is broken down to 4 carbon succinate. (2 carbons released as CO2)
Succinate undergoes reactions becoming oxyloacetate and are ready to join with acetyl-CoAs.
*1 ATP per cycle. 4 NADH and FADH2 for ETC |
|
|
Term
| What produces the most molecules of ATP? |
|
Definition
| Oxidative Phosphorylation, creates 28 |
|
|
Term
| A chemical process that requires energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A chemical process releasing energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alternate pathway to ATP production in which each fatty acid chain is broken by enzymes into 2 carbon units. Other enzymes then convert each unit to a molecule of acetyl-CoA ready for the citric acid cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins are broken down to amino acids. Enzymes then convert many amino acids to pathway components by removing the amino group and substituting a carbonyl group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organisms that synthesize their own foods from simple carbon sources such as CO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The formation of ATP resulting from the transfer of phosphate from a substrate to ADP |
|
Definition
| Substrate level phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| A series of sequential steps in which energy is released from electrons as they pass from coenzymes to cytochromes, and ultimately to oxygen gas; the energy is used to combine phosphate ions with ADP molecules to form ATP molecules |
|
Definition
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur? |
|
Definition
Euk - Mitochondrial Matrix
Pro - Cell Membrane |
|
|
Term
| Where does substrate level phosphorylation occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An organism that requires preformed organic matter for its energy and carbon needs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemoheterotrophs that feed exclusively on dead organic matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemoheterotrophs that feed on living organic matter, such as human tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An example of a photoautotroph that uses light as the energy source |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is DNA found in a prokaryotic cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In prokaryotic cells, how much does the DNA occupy? |
|
Definition
| 1/3 of the cell; stretched out it is about 1.5 mm |
|
|
Term
| How is the DNA stored in a bacterial cell so that it all fits? |
|
Definition
| Supercoiled in a circular fashion. (think about twisting a rubber band) |
|
|
Term
| A twisting and tight packing caused by a number of abundant nucleoid associated proteins (NAPS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What holds the supercoils of DNA together in prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
| Nucleoid Associated Proteins |
|
|
Term
| What pairs with Adenine in DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pairs with Cytosine in DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In eukaryotes, where are chromosomes found? |
|
Definition
| In the nucleus; scrunched down into X's by histones |
|
|
Term
| Stable extrachromosomal DNA elements that do not carry genetic information essential for normal strucure, growth, & metabolism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are plasmids located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasmids that allow for the transfer of genetic material from donor to recipient through a recombination process. Closest thing to bacterial sex - form pilli and send plasmids to other cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasmids that are considered "resistance factors" that carry genes for antibiotic resistance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In replication of DNA, each old strand of the replicated DNA is conserved in each new chromosome and one strand is newly synthesized. This is known as what? |
|
Definition
| Semiconservative Replication |
|
|
Term
| When the DNA unwinds and the strands seperate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fixed region on the chromosome at which DNA replication starts |
|
Definition
| Replication origin (oriC) |
|
|
Term
| Enzymes come in and open the bonds between nucleotides and unwind the DNA helix. ___ _____ attaches to further unwind and unzip the two polynucleotide strands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The yet to be replicated template stands are threaded through a V shaped ______ _______ in each replication factory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Involves when enzymes synthesize a new polynucleotide strand of DNA for each of the two old templates (parental) strands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Besides the stabilizing protein, a ___ _______ moves along each strand, catalyzing the insertion of new complementary nucleotides to each template strand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elongation occurs in what directional manner? |
|
Definition
| Bidirectional; moves in two different directions |
|
|
Term
| What detects any mismatched nucleotides as replication is occuring? This reduces replication errors to approx. 1 in 10 billion bases added. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs when each of the two DNA helices seperate from one another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What direction are DNA nucleotides added? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What direction do DNA polymerases read?
*these are what add nucleotides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At each replication fork, the complementary DNA strand is formed in ______ directions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which strand is known as the lagging strand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adds nucleotides, complementary to parent strand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A segment of DNA resulting from discontinuous DNA replication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The enzyme that binds Okazaki fragments into a single strand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibiotic that inhibits DNA gyrase. It interfers with the replication fork (winding) and stops chromosome replication. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When we say an antibiotic is broad spectrum, what are we referring to? |
|
Definition
| It is able to stop bacterial growth of both Gram + and Gram - bacteria. This is because these antibiotics target the DNA replication; not the cell wall. |
|
|
Term
| operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gene Expression for Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes goes in what order? (Central Dogma in Biology) |
|
Definition
| DNA → RNA (transcription) → Protein (translation) |
|
|
Term
| Understanding how a cell uses its genes to make proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Central truth in genetics that states that genetic info in DNA first is expressed as RNA by a process known as ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs in ribosomes; amino acids are joined together by ribosomes into a precise sequence to form the protein (polypeptide) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large enzyme that carries out transcription. Reads DNA template in the 3' to 5' direction. Only ONE of the two DNA strands within a gene is transcribed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ begins when _____ _______ recognizes the DNA template strand in a gene by a sequence of bases called the promoter located on the template strand. |
|
Definition
| Transcription; RNA Polymerase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one thing that prokaryotes DNA does not have the eukaryotes DNA does? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This RNA carries the genetic information or "blueprint" that ribosomes "read" to manufacture a polypeptide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These RNA's serve as the structural role as the framework of the ribosomes; functional role in the translation process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structural role in delivering amino acids to the ribosome for assembly into proteins; has a specific amino acid attached to it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unit of bacterial DNA consisting of a promoter, operator, ans a set of structural genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the information in a chromosome may be altered through a permanent change in the DNA, we say that a _____ has occured |
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| Heritable, random changes to the base sequence in the DNA that result from natural phenomena |
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| Mutation that only affects one point in a gene |
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| No change results from this mutation |
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| Insertion of one wrong amino acid (mutation) |
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| Generates a stop codon before it's supposed to (mutation) |
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| Involves DNA integrated into cell from environment. Involves "free DNA" Griffths experiment |
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| Viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophage) injects it's DNA into host cell and uses host cell DNA to make new viruses |
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| Uses a pili to carry a plasmid from one cell to another |
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| How cells control gene expression |
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| Sampling for the diversity of species that are present by what genes are there |
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| Transgenic plants are also known as what? |
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| Genetically modified organisms |
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| BT corn is resistant to what? |
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| Contains bacillus therogensus (protein that kills caterpillars) |
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| Crops that have been modified; some genes have been removed and new ones have been placed in them to repleace these |
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| Genes are moved from one organism to another; plasmids |
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| Using genetic recombination to benefit humans |
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What kind of gene transfer is the following?
In a population; genes can be swapped within the population |
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