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Definition
| Amy thinks the earth is about 10,000 years old. When a friend shows her reports of 12 million year old fossil remains, Amy says, “OK, maybe it’s as much as 13,000 years old.” Amy’s response is suggests that her thinking is biased by a(n) ___________ behavior. |
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| At first Tom’s father cheered every time Tom swung the bat. He gradually required Tom to make a good swing before cheering, and eventually only a hit got a cheer. Tom’s father used _________. |
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| using repression to push the memory out of his conscious awareness. |
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Definition
| Carter is currently 28 yrs old. He was bitten quite badly by a dog when he was 8 yrs old. Today when his parents sometimes mention this incident, Carter has no memory of ever being bitten. According to Freud, Carter may be ____________. |
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Definition
| Getting info into memory is called _________; getting info out of memory is called _________. |
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| You probably wouldn’t be able to hold the string NJPANYFLSDNM in short term memory unless you realized these letters were abbreviations for state names. In this case, state names act as a _________. |
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| As children acquire the grammatical rules of language, they tend to over generalize those rules. This results in predictable speech errors, such as: ______________ |
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Definition
| Recall of when, where and how info was acquired is called _____________________. |
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Term
a.Apes vocabularies are small compared to toddlers
b.Apes can master words for concrete objects, but have difficulty with abstract objects
c.Ape communication is rarely grammatical |
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Definition
| Limitations that apes exhibit when learning, comprehending and using human language? |
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Term
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Definition
| People sometimes make decision about a current situation based on what they already invested in the situation. |
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Definition
| A few seconds before your new alarm clock goes off it clicks. Recently you’ve noticed that you’ve been waking up to the click when before you only woke up to the alarm itself. The click is _________________. |
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Term
| more likely to report seeing broken glass |
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Definition
| Loftus & Palmer were investigating reconstructive nature of human memory. They showed a clip of a traffic accident and asked participants in their experiment to estimate how fast the cars had been traveling. For half the group, question contained the phrase “smashed into” and for the other half “contacted.” Participants who heard the phrase “smashed into” were __________________________. |
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Definition
| Niko was hit by a line drive, and afterward he duck whenever he heard the sound of a bat hitting a baseball. After hearing that sound many times without getting hit with a baseball, Niko no longer ducks at the sound. |
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| preferred activities used to reinforce less-preferred activities |
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Definition
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Definition
| During a spree of well publicized murders, Angela takes a survey that asks, “What’s the leading cause of death?” Angela answers “murder” which is obviously wrong. She’s fallen prey to: _____________________. |
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Definition
| Students who do little studying until just before a test are on _______________ schedule of reinforcement. |
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Term
| state dependent retrieval |
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Definition
| Tendency for info to be recalled when experiencing same feelings during encoding and during retrieval is called: _____________________. |
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Definition
| Tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period is: _______________. |
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Definition
| Hammers are used for hammering, which is why so many people don’t realize hammers are perfectly good doorstops. This lack of creative insight is: ___________________. |
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| decreases the probability of a response |
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Definition
| If you were explaining the concept of punishment to another student, the most accurate explanation would be that punishment:_____________________. |
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Definition
| Rob & Roberta are working on a math problem. Rob is trying to use a formula that worked in the previous problems, but no longer is helpful. Rob is: _____________. |
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Definition
| Your new blender sounds like your can opener, but your smart cat doesn’t get up from the couch when the blender is on. The cat is exhibiting: __________. |
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Definition
Which of the following includes all the others?
a. Episodic memory
b. Semantic memory
c. Procedural memory
d. Long-term memory |
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Term
| the smallest meaningful unit of language |
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Definition
| A morpheme is: ________________. |
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Definition
| Cerise has vivid memories of a car accident she witnessed 3 yrs ago. When she closes her eyes and thinks about it, she feels like she can recall every detail right down to a bumper sticker on one of the cars. Psychologists refer to vivid memories of this type as: ___________. |
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Term
| two events occur together; either individual event occurs separately |
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Definition
| Conjunction fallacy describes how people are more likely to think ____________ than that ________________. |
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Term
| second-order conditioning |
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Definition
| 6yr-old Kristen is afraid of balloons because one popped in her face when she was holding it. Last week she went to the circus and saw a clown holding a bunch of helium balloons. Now Kristen is afraid of clowns even though none of the balloons the clown was holding popped. Kristen’s fear of clowns illustrates: ________________. |
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Definition
| Marsha worked at a camp in June 07 and learned all the kids’ names. Next year she works July 08 camp and has trouble with the kids’ names. This is called ________. |
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Definition
| Very young children often have problems with _____________, specifically remembering the context in which they learned information. |
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Definition
| Which training involves both classical and operant conditioning? |
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Definition
| Dorothy memorized her shopping list. When she gets to the store, she realizes she has forgotten many of the items in the middle of the list. This is called ___________. |
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Definition
| When Peter was 3, he was clawed very badly by the neighbor’s cat. Today, Peter is afraid of all small animals. Peter’s fear of all small animals illustrates classical conditioning process: ____________. |
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Term
| thought about the meaning of the words. |
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Definition
| Craik and Tulving conducted a “Levels of processing” experiment in they asked people questions about single words. Later, participants were asked to recall the words they were asked questions about. C & T found that participants remembered more when they had: _________________. |
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Term
| getting into the car when there is snow falling. |
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Definition
| Lionel never used to worry about driving in the snow until he skidded off the highway during a heavy snowfall. As the back end of his car began to fishtail his heart began to race and he became terrified. Now he finds just getting into the car when there is snow falling causes him to get agitated. In this example of classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is: ________________. |
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Term
| representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| Carla is described as intelligent, analytical, goal directed, interested in biology and quite popular. When subjects are asked to guess whether Carla is premed or drama major, nearly all guess she is premed. Even when subjects are told 10% of students are premed and 90% are drama majors, they still believe Carla must be premed. This is called ___________. |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
| Suppose you are afraid of flying. You go to a psychologist who teaches you to relax while you imagine and practice increasingly fear-producing situations involving flying. After several sessions you are able to fly without being afraid. This is called ___________. |
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Definition
| ___________ has the smallest capacity for storage. |
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Definition
| __________ are “mental shortcuts” that may or may not be effective, whereas, ________ are defined rules that guarantee a solution to a problem. |
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Definition
| Juro was in a car accident and injured his head. When police ask him what happened right before the accident, Juro draws a complete blank. Juro’s memory difficulties illustrate: ___________. |
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Term
| Reconstructive nature of long-term memory |
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Definition
| You don’t really remember what you did at Thanksgiving two years ago, but you can give a fairly close description by using general information about the holiday tradition, where you lived, and other schemas. This is called __________. |
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Definition
| 2yr old Lupe says to her mother “More drink” and “Where dog?” This kind of language use is referred to as: _________. |
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Definition
| By relating new info to what you already know and their meanings, it’s easier to remember. This is what kind of encoding? |
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Definition
| Basic sound element of any language is the: ________. |
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Term
| is a temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by the feeling that it is just out of reach AND is to due failure in retrieval. |
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Definition
| Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: _________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learned food aversions are generally acquired from _________ due to the evolutionary adaptive conditioning of rejecting foods that may be toxic. |
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Definition
Which of the following is NOT among the key processes in observational learning according to Bandura?
a. Shaping
b. Attention
c. Reproduction
d. retention |
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Term
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Definition
Short-term memory is to long-term memory as:
a. Subconscious is to conscious
b. Passive knowledge is to active knowledge
c. Limited is to unlimited
d. Episodic is to semantic |
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Term
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Definition
Positive reinforcement __________ the frequency of a behavior; negative reinforcement_______ the frequency of a behavior.
a. Increases; decreases
b. Decreases; increases
c. Increases; increases |
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Term
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Definition
| ________________ occurs when the animal learns to perform an operant to terminate an ongoing, aversive stimulus. It is a "get me out of here" or "shut this off" reaction, aimed at escape from pain or annoyance. The behavior that produces escape is negatively reinforced. |
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Definition
| ____________ is the “best” or “most typical member” of the category. It posses most or (all) of the most characteristic features of the category. |
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Definition
| _____________ is memory of a particular event or episode that happened to you personally. Stored with time and place cues. |
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Definition
| _____________ is memory of a particular event or episode that happened to you personally. Stored with time and place cues. |
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