Term
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Definition
| largest and most complex protist, Fucoxanthin (accessory pigment) gives them their color. Reproduce by means of swimming spores, each with two flagella |
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Term
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Definition
| leaf structure that arises in the embryo – seed leaf in angiosperms |
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Definition
| microscopic filaments that make up the bulk of the multicellular fungus, it absorbs nutrients at its tips |
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Term
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Definition
| any photosynthetic protist that lives in water |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoplasmic extensions produced by amoeboid protozoa that are important ion locomotion and capturing food via phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| waterproof layer covering the aerial epidermis of a plant – minimizes water loss |
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Term
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Definition
| – a structure formed upon germination of a pollen grain, that grows through the ovule and carries sperm to the egg |
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Term
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Definition
| association of fungi and the roots of the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| a specialized sexual spore producing organ |
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Term
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Definition
| a stage unique to fungi in which each cell retains two separate nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| starch containing plastid in a root cap cell that functions as a gravity detector |
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Term
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Definition
| orientation toward or away from a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| triploid tissue that stores food for embryo in an angiosperm seed |
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Term
| What are the three basic types of protista? What are they similar to? |
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Definition
| Protozoa (animal like), Algae (plant-like), Fungal-like |
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Term
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Definition
(animal-like Protista) – single celled, heterotrophic, reproduce both sexually and
asexually, have locomotion such as flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia |
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Term
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Definition
| (plant-like Protista) – autotrophs, some have flagella (dinoflagellates) |
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Term
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Definition
| – digest food outside of the body and absorb it into the body, similar to fungi but cannot be classified as fungi, for example they do not have cell walls made of chitin |
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Term
| What are the four things plants and green algae have in common? |
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Definition
both chlorophyll a and b as they photosynthetic pigments,
they both use starch as a storing carbohydrate,
have cell walls made of cellulose,
have an alteration of generations |
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Term
| When did plants evolve from green algae? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the anatomy of a fungi? |
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Definition
Hyphae make up the bulk off the multicellular fungi, they absorb nutrients at their tips
Mycellium - an aggregated hyphae that may form visible strands in soil or decaying wood
mostly, hyphae aggregate to form a fruiting body, which is a specialized sexual, spore producing organ |
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Term
| What are the differences between plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds |
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Definition
Cellular slime molds maintain membranes throughout life, plasmodial do not
Plasmodium slime molds spend most of their life as a multinucleated organism, and part of their life as a single-celled organism
Cellular slime molds spend most of their life as a single celled organism and part of their life as a multicellular organism.
The main difference is when the cells form the slime mold. In plasmodial slime molds, the cells form an aggregate or a large multinucleate mass with no distinct boundaries between the cells. In cellular slime molds, the cells form a collective body with cells that have a distinct boundary and nucleus. |
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Term
| What characteristics of fungi are also found in animals? |
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Definition
| The characteristics of fungi that are also found in animals is that both are heterotrophs, their cells secrete energy that breaks down organic matter, then they eat by absorbing the nutrients that the enzymes released, The cell walls of fungi is made of chitin, which is part of the exoskeletons of some animals. The storage carbohydrate for animals and fungi is the same, it is glycogen |
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Term
| What characteristics of fungi are similar to that of plants? |
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Definition
Both are multicellular
Both are immobile |
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Term
| What is the evolutionary order of the four groups of plants? |
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Definition
| Byrophytes, Seedless Vascular Plants, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms |
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Term
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Definition
| small, compact plants without seeds or vascular tissue. Lack true leaves and roots, photosynthesis occurs at flattened leaf like areas, and rhizoids anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals. |
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Term
| What are the three bryophyte phyla plus details? |
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Definition
| Mosses (most closely related to vascular plants), Liverworts (have flattened leaf like structures that usually lie close to the ground, most closely related to ancestral land plants) Hornworts (smallest group of bryophytes) |
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Term
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Definition
| Occur in drier locations and have much larger representatives, xylem and phloem, as well as true roots, stems, and leaves with specialized functions, they have no seeds. |
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Term
| What are the four lineages of seedless vascular plants plus details? |
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Definition
| – True ferns (largest group, new fronds grow from underground stems called rhizhomes), Lycopods (club mosses and spike mosees which take their name form their reproductive structures) , Horsetails, and Whisk Ferns (plants that have rhizomes but not roots) |
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Term
| What are the details of seedless vascular plant reproduction? |
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Definition
| Require water and the dominant generation is the diploid sporophyte which produces spores by meiosis, and counts on the wind to spread them. |
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Term
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Definition
| have pollen grains that produce sperm cells that are distributed by animals or the wind, and naked seeds, |
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Term
| What are the four phyla of gymnosperms plus details? |
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Definition
| Conifers (needle or scalelike leaves, produce egg cells and pollen in cones, produce egg cells and pollen in cones), Cycads (trees that live in tropical or subtropical regions, palmlike leaves, and large cones) Ginkgo, and Gnetophytes |
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Term
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Definition
| seed plants that have flowers, which are reproductive structures that produce pollen and egg cells, after fertilization, parts of the flower develop into fruit that contains the plants seeds |
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Term
| What are the two classes of angiosperms |
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Definition
| Monocotyledons (which have one leaf structure that will arise in the embryo, Dicotyledons (have two of the aforementioned leaf structures |
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Term
| Alteration of Generations |
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Definition
| the sexual life cycle of plants and many green algae, which alternates between a diploid sporophyte stage and a haploid gametophyte stage |
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Term
| What is the process of double fertilization? |
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Definition
| In angiosperms, when one sperm cell fertilizes the egg and another fertilizes the polar nuclei |
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Term
| What are the basics of bryophyte reproduction? |
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Definition
| The gametophyte stage is dominant, the sporophyte stage is temporary and non-dominant. Both asexual and sexual reproduction occurs. |
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Term
| What is the process of sexual reproduction in bryophytes? |
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Definition
| , the sperm swims through water to fertilize the egg, which causes a diploid structure to develop. Cells within the diploid structure divide by meiosis to produce haploid spores, which divide by mitosis to produce eggs and sperm, and the process begins anew. |
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Term
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Definition
| the haploid, multicellular phase of plants and algae, each cell contains only a single set of chromosomes. It produces both male and female gametes by mitosis. the fusion of male and female gametes form a diploid zygote, that undergoes a series of mitotic cell divisions to form a multicellular sporophyte, which produces spores by meiosis, which bring it back to a haploid gametophyte condition |
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Term
| Sexual Reproduction in Gymnosperms |
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Definition
| There is a male cone, where the sperm is, and a female cone, where the egg is, and gymnosperms rely on wind to get one to the other. Females have haploid microspores, males have haploid megaspores, which turns into a pollen grain, which is a four celled male gametophyte. Eggs develop in the female archegonium, and the male pollen grain is carried by the wind to the opening of the cone, the pollen grane develops a pollen tube that penetrates the tissue of a female gametophyte, it then fertilizes the egg, the zygote develops, and a seed is produced |
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Term
| Reproduction in Angiosperms |
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Definition
| Cells in the anther divide by meiosis to produce microspores, which divide by mitosis to produce the pollen grain, at the same time cells in the ovary divide by meiosis to produce megaspores, which divides by mitosis to produce the 7 celled ovule and is the multicellular haploid female gametophyte. When the pollen grain lands on the stigma, the tube cell drills a whole down into the egg, There will be double fertilization, and an endosperm which will feed the zygote. When the egg is fertilized the rest of the flower falls off, the ovary expands to become the fruit |
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Term
| Where are seeds found in a plant? |
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Definition
| In Gymnosperms, they come from the female cones after it has been fertilized and are dispersed by the wind, and in Angiosperms they are found in the fruit. |
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Term
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Definition
chemicals that are vital for metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
Nine of the 16 essential nutrients are macronutrients |
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Term
| Which macronutrients are most abundant? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Calcium
Magnesium |
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Term
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Definition
Chlorine
Iron
Boron
Zinc
Manganese
Copper
Molybdenum |
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Term
| How much water is used by a typical tree in a day? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hinges on the cohesive properties of water – the tendency of water molecules to cling together in hydrogen bonds. As each water molecule evaporates, it pulls on the next water molecule which pulls up the next. Each water molecule tugs on the one behind it, eventually pulling water in the roots up toward the xylem. Adhesion of water molecules to the xylem walls keeps gravity from pulling the molecules back down. |
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Term
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Definition
| The transport of sugars in vascular plants, is net, from sources to sinks. Sugars produced by photosynthesis in leaves are moved to the phloem via active transport (transport requires energy expenditure). Phloem and Xylem are positioned adjacent to the xylem, and water diffuses from the xylem to the phloem, which creates an area of pressure in a region surrounding a sugar source, fluid is driven away, and sugar is actively transported out of the phloem into the sink high pressure source, low pressure sink |
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Term
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Definition
specialized conducting tissues that transport water, minerals, carbohydrates
and other dissolved tissues through the plant |
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Term
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Definition
stalk-like filaments that bear pollen producing bodies called anthers at their tips.
Innermost whorl is composed of one or more carpels |
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Term
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Definition
| leaf-like structures enclosing the egg-bearing ovules |
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Term
| Where is the ovary located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do the pollen grains land? |
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Definition
| Stigma receives pollen, style bears the stigma |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five classic plant hormones? |
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Definition
| Auxins, cytokins, gibberellins, ethylene, abscisic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones that promote cell elongation in stems and fruits but have the opposite effect on roots, also control plant responses to light and gravity. They stimulate the the growth of adventitious roots in cuttings, more concentrated in the shoot tips. |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones that stimulate cytokinesis, the division of the cell after DNA has replicated and separated, more concentrated in the roots, move upward with the xylem and stimulate lateral bud sprouting |
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Term
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Definition
| another class of plant hormone that causes shoot elongation, they are present in ll plant parts, in varying amounts. They promote cell division and elongation, and stimulate seed germination by inducing the production of enzymes that digest starch in seed. |
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Term
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Definition
| a gaseous hormone that ripens fruit in many species, synthesized by all flowering plants |
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Term
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Definition
| counters the growth stimulating effects of many other hormones, it inhibits seed germination, closes the stomata, promotes leaf, flower, and fruit shedding, produced in response to stresses |
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Term
| Describe Wind Pollinated Angiosperms |
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Definition
| 10% of angiosperms use the wind to pollinate, which requires more energy, as more energy is devoted to pollen production. |
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Term
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Definition
| Case or sac where spores are produced |
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Term
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Definition
| a male reproductive structure producing gametes, occurring in ferns, mosses, fungi, and algae. |
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Term
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Definition
| the female reproductive organ in ferns, mosses, etc. |
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Term
| How do the color, shape, and odor of a flower affect pollinators? |
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Definition
Birds are attracted to red flowers
Beetles respond to dull-colored flowers with spicy scents
Bees are attracted to blue or yellow sweet smelling flowers, these flowers often have markings that are visible only at ultraviolet wavelengths of light, which bees can perceive
Moths and bats pollinate white or yellow, heavily scented flowers, which are easy to locate at night |
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Term
| When is asexual reproduction advantageous? |
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Definition
| in making houseplants (which come from rooted cuttings taken from parent plant), and also in the production of fruit and nut trees, which is done by grafting a scion to rootstock taken from a different by closely related plant. This often make sit disease or pest resistant, or especially adapted to dry or salty soil, also to maintain stable conditions in a scientific experiment |
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Term
| What are the three basic types of plant cells? |
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Definition
| parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells and sclerenchyma cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| most abundant cells, alive at maturity, and are able to differentiate, they have vital functions including respiration, photosynthesis, and storage. They have thin cell walls that are used for storage |
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Term
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Definition
| elongated living cells with unevenly thickened primary walls that can stretch as the cells grow, these provide support without interfering with growth. These form near vascular tissue |
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Term
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Definition
provide support, with thick rigid secondary cell walls that occpy most of the cells volume. These are dead at maturity. Two types are fibers and sclerids
Fibers – elongated cells that occur in strands, often associated with vascular bundles
Sclerids – generally shorter than fibers |
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Term
| What is the entire mass of hyphae called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of fungal protista spends most of its life as a individual cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Whats the part of the fungi thats above ground? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of plant first developed Vascular Tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the first type of plant to develop seeds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first type of evolutionary trait that led to plant survival on land? |
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Definition
| Vascular Tissue (then seeds) |
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Term
| Which generation forms by meiosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which generation forms by mitosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does meiosis produce gametes or spores? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do spores divide by? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is pollen produced? |
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Definition
| in rhe anther, which is located in the stamen |
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Term
| Where is the male part of the flower? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is another term for pollen? |
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Definition
| Male gametophyte, found in male cone |
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Term
| Which of the three basic types of plant cells are most abundant? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cell type is alive at maturity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cell type is dead at maturity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cell type is the most elongated? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do you find sieve tube elements/companion cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do you find tracheids and vessel elements? |
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Definition
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