Term
A youth worker specialising the prevention of substance abuse is going to run a series of sessions at a secondary school.
What are two prevention techniques? How would the youth worker use them?
(4 marks) |
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Definition
Social inoculation - sessions would involve teaching the children about the dangers of substance abuse by showing them a video about someone who abuses, teaching them how to say no by the use of role play and getting them to tell the class they won't abuse a substance.
Project CHARLIE would be used by educating the students on the risks of abuse, ways they might be encouraged to abuse substances by peers, demonstrated in role play, and media, demonstrated by showing them clips of films with abuse in them. |
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Term
What is physical dependence in relation to alcohol abuse?
(2 marks) |
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Definition
| The person's body is used to high levels of alcohol and needs those levels to function normally or withdrawal symptoms such as shaking will occur. |
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Term
What is psychological dependence in relation to alcohol abuse?
(2 marks) |
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Definition
| The person thinks about alcohol often and drinking it is in their normal routine. Not drinking alcohol may lead to withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety. |
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Term
What stage of Prochaska's model of behaviour change is most likely to apply to the following:
-Barbra is really pleased with herself. She used to have an alcohol problem but hasn't had a drink in over 6 months.
(1 mark) |
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Definition
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Term
What stage of Prochka's model of behaviour change is most likely to apply to the following:
-Kathryn is aware she has a drink problem for some time, but is still drinking as much as ever.
(1 mark) |
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Definition
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Term
What is one study that an explaination for substance abuse was investigated? Why and how was it conducted, what were the results and the conclusion drawn?
(4 marks) |
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Definition
| The alcohol challenge experiment was conducted with 20 year-old men and they were given an amount of alcohol relative to their fitness, body mass etc. They were asked to rate their level of intoxication. 40% of sons of alcoholics and 10% of sons of non alcoholics reported low intoxication levels. Ten years later, alcoholism was found in 43% of sons reporting low intoxication and 11% of sons reporting high intoxication. Alcohol tolerance levels are inherited and people with higher tolerance are more likely to become alcoholics. |
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Term
What is social inoculation as a prevention of substance abuse?
(2 marks) |
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Definition
| Social inoculation is educating a person on the dangers of substance abuse to encourage them not to abuse. It also aims to teach them how they might be peer pressured and helps them develop skills to say no to peer pressure. |
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Term
What are fear arousing appeals as a prevention of substance abuse?
(2 marks) |
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Definition
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Term
What is identifying and targeting high risk groups as a prevention of substance abuse?
(2 marks) |
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Definition
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Term
What are two problems that may arise when using social inoculation as a prevention of substance abuse?
(4 marks) |
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Definition
People underestimate the ease that they can be persuaded or influenced by others and overestimate how easily they can provide a counter argument to peer pressure
For it to work, the characteristics of the person inoculating is important, for example ethnic teens respond to someone of the same ethnicity |
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Term
What are two problems that may arise when using identifying and targeting high risk groups as a prevention of substance abuse?
(4 marks) |
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Definition
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Term
What is a study for social inoculation as a prevention of substance abuse?
(2 marks) |
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Definition
| Caijpers - 1156 students from 9 schools taking part in the programme were compared with 774 students from 3 schools that didn't take the programme. The participants were interviewed before and 1,2 and 3 years after. These involved self reports on their substance use including their knowledge, attitude and efficacy to this. |
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Term
What is a study for fear arousing appeals as a prevention of substance abuse?
(2 marks) |
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Definition
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Term
What is a study for identifying and targeting high risk groups as a prevention of substance abuse?
(2 marks) |
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Definition
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Term
What is Prochaska's model of behavioural change?
(4 marks) |
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Definition
| A cyclic model of six stages that a person goes through when changing their behaviour. It starts with the precontemplation stage, where the person doesn't think they have a problem so they are encouraged to recognise that they do. The preparation stage is when they plan to act to change their behaviour within the next month, the action stage is |
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Term
A recent health campaign on television aimed to reduce the abuse of ecstasy (a stimulant). The campaign showed a graphic and distressing visual image of a heart beating excessively fast and getting exhausted.
What is the prevention technique and how effective is it?
(4 marks) |
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Definition
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Term
What is a stimulant?
(1 mark) |
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Definition
| -A chemical that increases the activity of the sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
What is an example of a stimulant?
(1 mark) |
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Definition
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Term
What are two risks of stimulant abuse?
(2 marks) |
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Definition
-High blood pressure and other cardiac problems
-Injuring self due to psychotism |
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Term
How do social pressures lead a young person to start abusing substances?
(4 marks) |
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Definition
A group of three or more people increase the chances of the person conforming to them - peer pressure.
The person wants to fit in with perceived social norms - normative influence
-Reed & Rowntree’s theory of social selection (1997) – young people
may seek out a specific sub-culture for whom stimulant abuse is the norm.
The person has models who abuse substances and they imitate that behaviour - social learning theory |
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Term
Nadine says that she would like to give up smoking. She tells her friend that she will only buy one packet this week instead of two.
How does this relate to Prochaska's model of behaviour change? |
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Definition
| Prochaska's model of behaviour change has six stages and is cyclic, starting with pre-contemplation where the person doesn't admit they have a problem and resulting in relapse, where a person has changed their behaviour for a period of time but has gone back to abusing the substance. Nadine is in the preparation stage, where she knows she has a problem and is planning on changing her behaviour with in the next month - buying one packet next week. |
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Term
'In the case of substance abuse, prevention is more important than treatment.'
referring to dependence, what are the differences between prevention and treatment? |
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Definition
| Differences include prevention is before the drug abuse so is proactive, treatment is during drug abuse so is reactive. Treatment is harder due to the person becoming dependent on the drug physically and mentally and prevention is making sure the person doesn't become dependant in the first place so no physiological change. |
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Term
What is meant by tolerance in relation to substance abuse?
(1 mark) |
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Definition
| The body becomes used to the high amounts of the substance so it has less of an effect. More of the substance is needed to have the same effect. |
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Term
What is meant by psychological dependence in relation to substance abuse?
(1mark) |
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Definition
| The substance is part of the person's daily routine and they think about it often. Running out of the substance is a source of anxiety. |
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Term
What are the effects of withdrawal in a person who is dependent on alcohol?
(2 marks) |
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Definition
| Negative physical and psychological effects will occur if the person suddenly stops drinking alcohol, such as sweating, shaking, anxiety. |
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Term
What is a social factor that is an explanation for substance abuse?
(4 marks) |
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Definition
| The person identifies with older peers or celebrities so they become role models and the person imitates their behaviour that includes substance abuse. The models change their perceived norm and they feel obliged to follow it in order to not be left out. |
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Term
What is meant by self management in relation to substance abuse?
(2 marks) |
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Definition
| The person takes control of their substance abuse by setting themselves goals and keeping track of them, sometimes with the support of a group of similar abusers. |
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Term
What are the strengths and weaknesses of self management as a way of treating substance abuse?
(2 marks) |
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Definition
| Groups offer support and motivation from people with similar experiences when help from a counsellor may not be available. Self management and motivation is the most important step of maintaining behaviour change and preventing relapse. |
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Term
A team of youth councilors visits a secondary school to try to prevent smoking in teenagers. The team decides to use social inoculation.
How might they go about this?
(4 marks) |
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Definition
-Students taught dangers of smoking by being shown photos of damaged lungs
-Students discuss how people may pressure them into smoking
-Students develop skills such as how to say no to an offer of a cigarette using role play
-Students tell group they aren't going to smoke |
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Term
What is one example of how health promotion/education has been used to treat or prevent substance abuse?
(2 marks) |
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Definition
| Moher - study to stop smoking in the work place where employees took part in programmes based on the individual, such as counselling, and aimed at the work force as a whole, such as competition or incentive schemes. |
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Term
What are two reasons why health promotion/education interventions may not be successful?
(4 marks) |
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Definition
The schemes don't treat the underlying problem due to being focussed on a large group of people and them all having different reasons to abuse the substance
Substance abuse is the norm and people who abuse are being brought together, emphasising the fact abuse is common. |
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Term
Which of the following is true of aversion therapy:
-The aim of aversion therapy is to establish an unconditioned response to a stimulus
-The aim of aversion therapy is to establish an conditioned response to a previously neutral stimulus
-Aversion therapy involves establishing an association between a voluntary response and a voluntary consequence
-Aversion therapy is based on the theory of operant conditioning
(1 mark) |
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Definition
| The aim of aversion therapy is to establish an conditioned response to a previously neutral stimulus |
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Term
Which of the following is not true of social inoculation:
- Making a public commitment not to abuse substances is a key part of social inoculation
- Social inoculation involves giving information about negative effects of substance abuse
- Social inoculation involves admitting to a group that use abuse substances
- The aim of social inoculation is to enable resistance to peer pressure
(1 mark) |
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Definition
| Social inoculation involves admitting to a group that use abuse substances |
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Term
n relation to substance abuse, describe the effects of one substance on the
user of that substance. Refer to either nicotine, alcohol, solvent, stimulant or
depressant abuse in your answer.
(4 marks) |
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Definition
Alcohol acts as a
depressant which means that is reduces the activity of the nervous system. In
moderate amounts it can be relaxing however, if taken excessively it can cause
liver damage and can become addictive. This means that a person’s body
becomes accustomed to the alcohol and therefore the person needs to drink
more for the same effect. This is what is known as a tolerance to alcohol.
Another consequence of severe alcoholism is a condition known as Korsakoff’s
syndrome which is a form of alcohol-related dementia. |
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Term
Briefly evaluate the hereditary explanation for substance abuse.
(4 marks) |
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Definition
One explanation for substance abuse is the hereditary theory. A problem with
this theory is that it largely ignores the social factors that contribute towards
substance abuse such as peer influences and conformity. Some evidence
shows that young people are more influenced by peers than parents when it
comes to substance abusing behaviour so it could be that they abuse because
of social factors and not their genes. However in favour of hereditary theory,
there is a lot of evidence to show that we have at least a predisposition to
abuse which may be heritable. Adoption studies (Cloninger) and twin studies
(Kaij) tend to show a substantial element of genetic influence in alcoholism. |
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Term
What stage of Prochka's model of behaviour change is most likely to apply to the following:
-Kevin has decided to do something about his drinking. He has cleared all of the alcohol out of the house and hasn't has an alcoholic drink for a whole week. |
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Definition
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Term
What stage of Prochka's model of behaviour change is most likely to apply to the following:
Andrew's drinking problem is obvious to others but he doesn't think that he has a problem. |
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Definition
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Term
What are two problems that may arise when using fear arousing appeals as a prevention of substance abuse?
(4 marks) |
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Definition
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