Term
| Density = mass/volume. Ex: When mass = 18 g and volume = 4 mL. What is the density? |
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Definition
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Term
| There are three layers of liquid; salad dressing, oil and vinegar. Why is the oil layer on top? |
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Definition
| Oil is less dense than vinegar and salad dressing. |
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Term
| What molecules have the greatest kinetic energy; those molecules that make up a cold substance or a hot substance? |
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Definition
| The substance with the greatest kinetic energy is the hot substance |
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Term
| Butter can be either a solid or a liquid. Which state of butter has molecules that are the closest together? |
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Definition
| The particles are closest when the butter is frozen |
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Term
| What are the differences between physical and chemical changes? |
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Definition
| Physical changes can change its physical appearance only like the state of a substance. Chemical changes form new substances. |
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Term
| Know the characteristics of particles: |
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Definition
They can have a charge and they have mass.
6. When an element has more protons than electrons, it has a positive charge. When an element has more electrons than protons, it has a negative charge. When the number of protons and electrons are equal, the element is said to be neutral or have no charge. EX: Aluminum: 13 protons, and 10 electrons is said to have a +3 charge. |
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Term
| 7. What is the difference between potential and kinetic energy? If an object is falling to the ground, which or the two forms of energy is decreasing? |
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Definition
| Potential energy is decreasing when an object is falling. |
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Term
| 8. Parallel circuits have a total voltage as one of the batteries. Series circuits have a total voltage of all batteries present. What if you had a combination of series and parallel circuits with two 1.5 volt batteries in parallel and one 1.5 volt battery in series? How much total voltage would you have for that circuit? |
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Definition
| The voltage of the combination circuit would be 3.0 volts. |
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Term
| 9. When you use a flashlight, energy transformations occur. Is the transformation from electrical energy to light energy or mechanical energy to light energy? |
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Definition
| The transformation of energy moves form electric energy to light energy. |
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Term
| 10. Look at the diagram of the hydroelectric plant below. On your own piece of paper copy the drawing to your best ability then use the words below to fill in the boxes with one of the energy terms given below that is most closely associated with the location indicated in the diagram. Each tern can be used only once. |
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Definition
| electric kinetic mechanical potential |
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Term
| What type of energy does the water in the reservoir represent; potential or kinetic? |
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Definition
| The water in the reservoir is potential energy. |
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Term
11. An incandescent light bulb and a fluorescent light tube have been designed to produce the same amount
of light. Why does the incandescent bulb get hotter than the fluorescent tube? |
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Definition
| The incandescent light bulb is less efficient than the fluorescent light bulb. |
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Term
| 12. If a runner burns 800 kJ of energy during her jog but only 480 kJ are used to help her on that jog? How much of her energy output is lost as heat? |
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Definition
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Term
| 13. On a hot day, Jing placed some warm cans of soda in a cooler containing ice and closed the container. In which direction is the energy flowing? |
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Definition
| The energy is flowing from an area of higher heat to an area of lower heat so it is moving from the soda to the ice. |
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Term
| 14. When a person is fishing in a stream or along a beach, a fish may appear smaller or in a different location than the fish really is. Why does the fish appear in a different location than it actually is? |
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Definition
| The light waves are bent when passing from air into the water. |
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Term
| 15. Giselle tossed a pebble into the tank and counted the wave crests as they passed by a certain point. She counted 5 waves in 20 seconds. Calculate the wave frequency in Hertz (Hz). |
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Definition
| Formula: Frequency = # of waves/time. F = 5/20 F= .25 Hz |
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Term
| 16. How will tightening the string on a guitar affect the sound, and how is this related to the sound-wave frequency? |
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Definition
| Tightening the string will raise the pitch due to an increase in frequency. |
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Term
| 17. When electric power is carried over long distances through power lines, the electrical energy decreases as the distance increases. How is the energy lost? |
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Definition
| The energy converts into thermal energy and is released into the atmosphere. |
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Term
| Someone puts on the brake in the car. |
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Definition
| This is negative acceleration. |
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Term
| 19. What is the average velocity, in meters per second (m/s), of baseball that travels a distance of 90 meters in 10 seconds? |
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Definition
| v = distance/time v= 90/10 = 9m/s |
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Term
| 20. Levers work most efficiently when the weight to be moved is on one side of the fulcrum and the person applying force to lift the weight is on the other side of the fulcrum. |
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Definition
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Term
| 21. If someone is moving 3 boxes up a stairway that is 2 meters (m) high and each box weighs 15 Newtons (N). How much work, in Newton-meters (Nm), has she accomplished? |
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Definition
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Term
| 22. Lisa is seated on the front of a train. The train is traveling northbound at a steady speed of 40.2 kilometers/hour (km/hr). While the train is in motion, Lisa gets up from her seat and walks toward the back of the train at a steady rate of 2.4 km/hr. What is Lisa’s actual rate of speed, relative to the ground, in km/hr in a northbound direction at the time she is walking toward the back of the plane? |
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Definition
| V = 40.2 -2.4 = 37.8 km/hr. Lisa is moving in an opposite direction as the train so her speed is negative (-2.4). |
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Term
| 23. Grant is traveling by bicycle on a straight roadway at a constant speed of 15 kilometers per hour (km/hr). A gust of wind, pushes him from behind and suddenly exerts a large force on his bicycle. Explain the effects the force of wind might have on Grant’s bicycle. |
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Definition
| If Grant continues to apply the same force, the bicycle will speed up |
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Term
| 24. Gravitational forces that exert a “pull” on the waters of the Earth cause ocean tides. Along most seashores, there are two high tides and two low tides every 24 hours. What is the main cause of the gravitational force that results in high and low tides? |
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Definition
| The Moon is the main gravitational force that affects tides |
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Term
| What primary processes shaped the Grand Canyon? |
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Definition
| Weathering activity is the process that has shaped the Grand Canyon. |
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Term
| 26. If the weather is currently warm, which of the following weather conditions will be forecast as the cold air comes in? |
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Definition
| The sky would be considered overcast. |
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Term
| How does a row of trees can help conserve soil? |
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Definition
| trees act as a windbreak, reducing soil erosion caused by blowing wind. |
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Term
| 28. A homeowner accidentally used a chemical treatment that eliminated the bacteria in the lawn. What would be the long term effect of such an action? |
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Definition
| There would be a need to fertilize the lawn area with plant nutrients. |
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Term
| 29. A small satellite orbits Pluto. Eight satellites orbit Neptune, the closest planet to Pluto. Pluto is much smaller than Neptune. Why isn’t Pluto a satellite of Neptune? |
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Definition
| The Sun’s gravity is the primary influence on Pluto. |
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Term
| 30. Mercury orbits the Sun at nearly 48 kilometers per second (km/sec) and completes an orbit every 88 Earth days. How many complete orbits around the Sun will Mercury make during one Earth year? (First you must know how many days are in an Earth year.) |
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Definition
| 365days/88days = 4.1477 …so approximately 4 complete orbits. |
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Term
| 31. During a thunderstorm, lightning is seen before thunder is heard. Light travels at an approximate speed of 300, 000 kilometers per second (km/s) in air. If lightning is seen and then thunder is heard 5 seconds later, approximately how many kilometers away is the storm? |
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Definition
| The storm is approximately 1.6 kilometers away. Count the number of seconds between the thunder and the lightning then divide by 5. This will give your answer in miles. However, since the question is in kilometers, 1 mile is about 1.6 km. |
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Term
| 32. Explain why you always observe the same side of the Moon while the Moon is revolving in its orbit about Earth. Be sure to include information about the rotations of the Moon and Earth. |
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Definition
| The Moon rotates once each day so the same side shows each night. |
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Term
| 33. The excretory system in the human body has several components. What is the relationship between the kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder? |
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Definition
| They work together to maintain the chemical balance of the blood. |
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Term
| 34. Runners are competing in a long distance marathon. During the marathon, oxygen (O2) requirements and carbon dioxide (CO2) production change. Explain how the respiratory system maintains the balance of O2 and CO2 in the blood. |
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Definition
| As the body needs more oxygen, breathing will increase |
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Term
| 35. How is the structure of a rose bush different from the structure of a bacterium? |
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Definition
| The rose bush has specialized cells. |
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Term
| 36. Which basic life process enables multicellular organisms to make more cells, which repair damaged organs? |
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Definition
| Mitosis helps the body make more cells. |
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Term
| 37. At which structural level do muscles convert substances from food into energy for movement? |
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Definition
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Term
| 38. The cells of a plant need water. How does a decreased supply of water affect the rest of the plant? |
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Definition
| The roots of the plant spread out and grow deeper into the ground. |
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Term
| 39. Many nerve cells have long pointed structures on each end. Red blood cells are round. Why are these cells different from each other? |
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Definition
| Each cell has an appropriate shape to perform its function. |
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Term
| 40. In a field of sunflowers, most of the flowers face the same direction. What causes the flowers to do this? |
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Definition
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Term
| 41. Some single-celled organisms like paramecia may reproduce by dividing into two new cells. Which is a characteristic of this kind of reproduction? |
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Definition
| Two new cells are identical to the parent cell. |
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Term
| 42. In one species of guinea pig, the gene for black fur is dominant while the gene for brown fur is recessive. A male guinea pig with black fur and a female guinea pig with black fur produce a female offspring with brown fur. Which most likely describes the genes of the parent guinea pigs? |
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Definition
| Both parent guinea pigs carry the recessive gene. |
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Term
| 43. Theresa has flowers called snapdragons in her garden. They produce red, pink or white flowers. Pink flowers develop due to incomplete dominance. What are the possible color distributions for the offspring of a red flower and a white flower? Use a Punnett square to prove your answer. |
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Definition
| All offspring will be pink |
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Term
| 44. In a population of turtles, there are a few turtles that have a softer outer shell than the rest of the turtles. Why is it more likely the hard shelled turtles will produce offspring? |
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Definition
| The hard shell will protect the turtles from predators |
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Term
| 45. Portions of living organisms preserved in rock are known as fossils. What do fossils reveal about organisms? |
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Definition
| Fossils reveal that changes occurred in the plants or animals over time |
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Term
| 46. At one time, scientists recognized two kingdoms – plant and animal. Today, some scientists say there are six kingdoms – plant, animal, protist, fungus, archaebacterium, and eubacterium. Why has the number of kingdoms increased from two to six? |
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Definition
| Scientists realized some organisms had characteristics very different from those of plants or animals. |
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Term
| 47. Soil organisms, such as fungi, worms, and bacteria, are all biotic parts of the woodland ecosystem. What is the role of these organisms in the woodland ecosystem? |
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Definition
| The role of these organisms is to break down the remains of other living things |
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Term
| After giving birth to a baby chimpanzee, the mother chimpanzee may continue to provide milk for the baby up to three years. Explain why the baby chimpanzee can survive only on its mother’s milk during that time. |
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Definition
| All of the necessary nutrients are supplied in the mother’s milk. |
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Term
| 49. Earth provides many different resources that humans use on a regular basis. What natural resources are renewable? |
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Definition
| Water, plants, wind, solar |
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Term
| In many different geographical locations, the leaves on trees change color and fall off in autumn. A few conditions work together to cause these changes to occur. Which abiotic factor decreases causing this change to occur? |
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Definition
| Sunlight is the abiotic factor that decreases causing leaves to change color. |
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Term
| Nuclear power plants use water to absorb excess heat and the warm water is typically released into a nearby lake or stream, raising its temperature by as much as 2 degrees Celsius (0C). Some fish like guppies, require warm water temperatures before they begin to lay eggs. Guppies reproduce best at 240C. A lake near a nuclear power plant has an average daily temperature of 200C. Explain how an increase in the water temperature of the lake would likely affect the guppy population. |
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Definition
| An increase in temperature will decrease guppy population. |
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Term
| 52. When speaking about his accomplishments and contributions to the progress of science, Isaac Newton said, “If I have been able to see further, it is because I stood on the shoulders of giants.” How does this statement apply to his scientific accomplishments? |
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Definition
| His newer theories increased scientific knowledge by looking at previous observations in a new way. |
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Term
| Andrea’s experiment includes plants and different types of music. She plans to place the plants in separate rooms and different types of music in each room. Her hypothesis will predict in which room the plants will grow the fastest. What information should she use to develop her hypothesis? |
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Definition
| The growing conditions for the plants |
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Term
| Johan is completing a lab for his biology class, and Abby is finishing a lab for her astronomy class. When they are done, their lab reports look very different even though they used the same methods. Why do Johan and Abby use the same methods for completing a lab report when they are studying different subjects? |
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Definition
| Both subjects are based on common scientific principles. |
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Term
| A microbiologist working at a pharmaceutical company is conducting a research project on a new medicine used to treat the common cold. Why is it important for the scientist to keep accurate motes about the research? |
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Definition
| Accurate notes will help other scientists replicate and validate the results. |
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Term
| Desiree is repeating an experiment performed by a scientist in another country. She bought the same tools and is using fresh samples as the procedure indicates. Desiree also has a videotape from the other scientist of the complete experimentation that was done. Explain why Desiree’s results would be more scientifically valid if she were to videotape her own experiment? |
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Definition
| She could compare the two videotapes for accuracy and she could ask the other scientists to review her methods. |
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Term
| An equal amount of potting soil was placed in three identical pots. Twenty petunia seeds were used. Three seeds were planted in Pot A, seven seeds in Pot B, and ten seeds in Pot C. The pots were all placed on the same table, and after they grew to a height of about 10 centimeters (cm), the plants from each pot were cut off at soil level, dried overnight, and weighed. What is the variable in this investigation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Clayton is conducting experiments to determine the best growing conditions for his plants. He has several variables that need to be controlled. The air temperature and amount of light will be kept the same for each trial. In the first trial, Clayton takes two identical plants and gives them the same amount of water and different amounts of fertilizer. In the second trial, identical plants are given water at different temperatures while receiving the same amount of fertilizer. How many variables were manipulated in each trial? |
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Definition
| 1 variable is being manipulated (changed) in each trial. |
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Term
| Carl and Valerie were making helicopters out of paper. Carl made his helicopter with wider blades than Valerie’s helicopter. Valerie’s helicopter had longer blades than Carl’s helicopter. After flying them a couple of times, they realized that Carl’s wide-blade helicopter fell more slowly than Valerie’s long-blade helicopter. What should be done so the helicopters can be scientifically compared? |
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Definition
| Repeat the experiment several times limiting the manipulated variable to one each time. |
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Term
| Ruben has had his car for many years and has always been happy with its fuel economy. He decides to test several grades of gas to see which one gives him the best fuel economy. Name two variables Ruben will need to control during his experiment. |
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Definition
| Empty the tank before using the new fuel and test under same road conditions. |
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Term
| People visit beaches every year and enjoy ocean and beach activities. What keeps the ocean filled with water? |
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Definition
| The cycle of evaporation and precipitation continues to replenish them |
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Term
| A study will soon be conducted to see if a current medication is more effective when injected into the blood rather than taken as a pill. One hundred subjects are needed for this study. Why should information be collected before the subject begins about other medications taken by the subjects? |
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Definition
| Harmful side effects may occur when two or medications interact. |
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Term
| The medical field advances as new treatments are developed and used. What would be the primary concern of a patient seeking a newly developed treatment? |
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Definition
| The primary concern of a patient seeking a newly developed treatment would be the scientific evidence that the treatment will work. |
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