Term
| What are the 3 proteins that make up a thin filament? |
|
Definition
| troponin, tropomyosin, actin |
|
|
Term
| which of the 3 proteins binds calcium? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of these cover the myosin binding sites on actin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protein makes up thick filaments? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What organelle stores calcium in the myofiber? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter is utilized by skeletal muscle to contract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is activated in smooth muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| filaments arranged in compartments for muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| What are the ends of a sarcomere called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure anchors the thin filaments in smooth muscle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two cells that make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus? |
|
Definition
| Macula densa & juxtaglomerular cells |
|
|
Term
| Which of these cells serve as the sensors? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme does juxtaglomerular cells secrete? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What reaction does renin catalyze? |
|
Definition
| Converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I |
|
|
Term
| What organ produces angiotensinogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II? |
|
Definition
| angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of angiotensin II? |
|
Definition
| A) induces thirst, B) induce vasoconstriction, C) induce the release of ADH/vasopressin from hypothalamus to induce water re-absorption in the kidneys, & D) induce the release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex which induces the re-absorption of sodium |
|
|
Term
| Which cells in the kidneys are sensitive to ADH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are principal cells located? |
|
Definition
| distal convoluted tubules & collecting ducts |
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the two arterioles that bring blood into and out of the glomerulus? |
|
Definition
| afferent(into), efferent(out) |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the capillary bed that surrounds the renal tubules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers/structures that filter blood plasma from the glomerular capillary bed into Bowman’s capsule space? |
|
Definition
| endothelial fenestrations, basement membrane, slit membrane |
|
|
Term
| What cells form the slit membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells in the kidney tubules secrete hydrogen ions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Starting from Bowman’s capsule space, name the rest of the tubular portion of the nephron? |
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Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting ducts, papillary ducts |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 layers of the epidermis? |
|
Definition
| stratum basale, stratum spinosus, stratum granuolsum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 layers of the dermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell is responsible for the sensation of touch?for immunity?for pigment production? ones that make up the bulk of you skin cells? |
|
Definition
| merkel, langerhan, melanocytes, keratinocytes |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between sudoriferous and sebaceous glands? |
|
Definition
| sudoriferous glands(holocrine) are oil glands and sebaceous are sweat glands |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between eccrine and apocrine glands? |
|
Definition
| eccrine-evaporative cooling function,apocrine- not functional until puberty |
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the epidermis is made up of a single layer of mitotically active cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| waterproofs skin and protects |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 sections of the pharynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of these 3 sections of the pharynx which ones are lined with stratified squamous epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 single pieces of cartilage in the larynx? |
|
Definition
| thyroid, epiglottis, cricoid |
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 paired pieces of cartilage in the larynx? |
|
Definition
| arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium would you find on the superior surface of the epiglottis? |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous; inferior surface-pseudostratified ciliated |
|
|
Term
| Which lung possesses 3 lobes? 2 lobes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fissures separate the lobes of the lung? |
|
Definition
| oblique, horizontal=right oblique=left |
|
|
Term
| What would you find in the hilus of the lung? |
|
Definition
| where bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit |
|
|
Term
| What portion of the brain controls the basic rhythm of respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What portion of the pons prolongs inspiration? Stops inspiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What main muscle is responsible for inspiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What chemical induces bronchoconstriction? Bronchodilation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What chemical induces bronchoconstriction? Bronchodilation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Would you find cartilage in the walls of your trachea? Main bronchi? Smallest bronchiole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 major salivary glands? |
|
Definition
| parotid, submandibular, sublingual |
|
|
Term
| Would you find cartilage in the walls of your trachea? Main bronchi? Smallest bronchiole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 major salivary glands? |
|
Definition
| parotid, submandibular, sublingual |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of papillae? Which ones possess taste buds? |
|
Definition
| filiform, fungiform, circumvillate; circumvillate, fungiform |
|
|
Term
| What enzymes are secreted in saliva? What do they each digest? |
|
Definition
Salivary amylase=initiates breakdown of starch
lingual lipase= triglycerides
lysozyme= antibacterial |
|
|
Term
| What enzymes are secreted in your stomach? From what cells? What do they each digest? |
|
Definition
Mucous neck cells=secrete mucus
Chief cells=secrete pepsinogen (protein digestion) & gastric lipase (triglyceride)
Parietal cells=secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl), which is needed to convert pepsinogen to pepsin (active form), & intrinsic factor, which is needed for vitamin B12 absorption
G cells=in the pyloric antrum secrete gastrin which stimulates digestive activities |
|
|
Term
| What hormones are secreted from the endocrine portion of the pancreas? What cells produce these hormones? |
|
Definition
Islets of Langerhans. They secrete the hormones:
A. Glucagon (alpha cells - raise blood sugar levels)
B. Insulin (beta cells - lower blood sugar levels)
C. Somatostatin (delta cells - inhibits the secretion of glucagon & insulin)
D. Pancreatic polypeptide (F cells - regulates the release of pancreatic digestive enzymes) |
|
|
Term
| What enzymes are secreted from the exocrine portion of the pancreas? What are their functions? |
|
Definition
A. Pancreatic proteolytic enzymes - trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase for protein digestion
B. Pancreatic amylase for carbohydrates
C. Pancreatic lipase for fats
D. Pancreatic aqueous alkaline secretion to neutralize stomach acid
E. Ribonuclease & deoxyribonuclease for nucleic acid digestion |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the gall bladder? Liver? |
|
Definition
liver=
1. Carbohydrate metabolism
2. Lipid metabolism
3. Protein metabolism
4. Removal of drugs & hormones
5. Excretion of bilirubin
6. Synthesis of bile salts
7. Storage of vitamins & minerals
8. Phagocytosis
9. Activation of vitamin D
gall bladder=
stores and concentrates bile |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 sections of the stomach? |
|
Definition
| Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus |
|
|
Term
| What valve controls the amount of chime released into the duodenum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the macrophages found in the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many muscle layers make up the stomach? |
|
Definition
| 3; inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitundinal |
|
|
Term
| What are the lamina propria? Muscularis mucosae? Meisnner’s plexus? Auerbach’s plexus? |
|
Definition
| areolar CT, supports epithelium connecting it to muscularis mucosae; thin layer of smooth muscle which undulates creating peaks and valleys and increases surface area; autonomic nerve supply to the muscularis mucosae which serves to control secretions; the major nerve supply to the GI tract - controls GI tract motility |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between segmentation and peristalsis? |
|
Definition
segmentation=mixes
peristalsis= movement of chyme within small intestines. weak contractions |
|
|
Term
| What are the divisions of the large intestines? |
|
Definition
| cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the ileocecal valve? |
|
Definition
| regulates passage of chyme from ilium into the cecum |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 male accessory sex glands? What do they each secrete? What are the functions of these chemicals? |
|
Definition
Seminal vesicle secretion is/contains:
1. Alkaline to reduce the acidity in the female reproductive tract
2. Fructose for energy
3. Prostaglandins for motility, viability of the sperm, & to induce female muscular contractions once inside the female
4. Semenogelin (fibrinogen derivative) for the coagulation of the semen following ejaculation = helps keep the ejaculated sperm in the female reproductive tract following the withdrawal of the penis
Prostate gland secretion is/contains:
1. Slightly acidic
2. Citric acid for energy
3. Clotting enzymes which cause semenogelin to coagulate following ejaculation
4. Fibrinolysin which de-coagulates the semenogelin a short time later (5 -20 minutes) allowing the sperm to become motile following ejaculation
5. Constitutes ~25% of the volume of the semen
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland secretion consists of alkaline mucus to lubricate the lumen of the urethra |
|
|
Term
| What ligaments support the penis? |
|
Definition
| suspensory ligament, fundiform ligament |
|
|
Term
| What are the spongy masses found within the penis? |
|
Definition
| corpora cavernosum, corpus spongiosum |
|
|
Term
| What tubules are the site for sperm production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of Sertoli & Leydig cells? |
|
Definition
Sertoli cells support developing sperm cells, mediate the effects of testosterone, secrete fluid for serm transport, secrete inhibin
Leydig cells secrete testosterone |
|
|
Term
| What are the sections of the sperm? |
|
Definition
| acrosome, midpiece, flagellum |
|
|
Term
| Where would you find mitochondria in a sperm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the acrosome? |
|
Definition
| breaking through the protective layers surrounding the egg |
|
|
Term
| What structures is the acrosome designed to penetrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 sections of the fallopian tubes? |
|
Definition
| infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 sections of the uterus’ wall? |
|
Definition
| perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 layers of the endometrium? |
|
Definition
| stratum basalis, stratum functionalis |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 phases of the uterine and ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
| menstrual, preovulatory, ovulation, postovulatory |
|
|
Term
| A decline in what hormone induces menses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of FSH? LH? hCG? Estrogen? Progesterone? |
|
Definition
FSH-stimulates the growth & development of numerous secondary follicles, each of which will secrete estrogen & inhibin
LH-induces ovulation
hCG-maintains corpus luteum past its 2 weeks life span
estrogen-thickens endometrium, regulates menstrual cycle
progesterone-stimulates growth of lining in uterus where the egg can fertilize and grow |
|
|
Term
| What gene controls the development of the male sex organs? |
|
Definition
| SRY(sex determining region of the Y chromosome) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 embryonic ducts found in a developing embryo? |
|
Definition
| wolffian(primitive male), mullerian(primitive female) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the HY antigen? Mullerian inhibiting hormone? Dihydroxytestosterone? |
|
Definition
-HY antigen directs the differentiation of the primitive gonads into testes
-Mullerian inhibiting factor destroys the Mullerian ducts (female embryonic reproductive tubes), while testosterone transforms the Wolffian ducts into the internal male reproductive tube organs
-dihydroxytestosterone directs the development of the male external genitalia |
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