Term
| Basic formula for photosynthesis |
|
Definition
| CO2 + H2O + (light energy)--> C6H12O6 + O2 |
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|
Term
| Internal membrane of chloroplasts |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What composes and what shape is the thylakoid membrane? |
|
Definition
| phospholipids; flattened sacs |
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Term
| Thylakoids stacked one on top of each other in a column |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the photopigment inside of chloroplasts? |
|
Definition
| chlorophyll (and other accessory pigments |
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Term
| Semi-solid liquid surrounding the thylakoid membrane |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The three stages of photosynthesis: |
|
Definition
1. Capturing energy from sunlight
2. using that energy to make ATP, reduce NADP+ to NADPH
3. Using ATP and NADPH to power synthesis of organic molecules to form O2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| photosynthetic pigments that are clustered together |
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Term
| True or False: pigments and the photons they absorb do not correspond to wavelengths of light. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which stages of photosynthesis are light-dependant? |
|
Definition
The first two:
capturing energy from LIGHT
Using the energy to make ATP and reduce NADP+ to NADPH |
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|
Term
| What is another name for the third stage of photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
Carbon fixation:
formation of organic molecules from CO2 |
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Term
| True or False: Carbon fixation needs light to occur. |
|
Definition
| False: it can happen with or without presence of light |
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|
Term
| Where are the photopigments located? |
|
Definition
| embedded in a protein complex in the thylakoid membrane (on top) |
|
|
Term
| What is the location of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which stage of photosynthesis is the calvin cycle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What other organelle are chloroplasts similar to? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of chloroplasts? |
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Definition
| Dbl. membrane; both membranes have lipid bi-layers; own DNA |
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|
Term
| Where does stage 1 and 2 of photosynthesis occur? |
|
Definition
| In the discs of thylakoid |
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|
Term
| What is the basic structure of chloroplasts? |
|
Definition
| Chlorophyll molecules consist of a porphyrin head and a hydrocarbon tail |
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|
Term
| What structure allows the chlorophyll molecule to be embedded in the thylakoid membrane? |
|
Definition
| Its hydrocarbon tail binds to the hydrophobic portions of proteins (w/in the thylakoid) |
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|
Term
| Which part of the chlorophyll molecule "sticks out" of the thyalkoid membrane? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does step 3 of photosynthesis take place? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the calvin cycle take place? |
|
Definition
| Outside of the thylakoid membrane in the stroma. |
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|
Term
| What is the photoelectric effect? |
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Definition
| A beam of light is able to remove electrons from certain molecules, creating an electric current. |
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Term
| True of false: visible light has more energy than non-visible light |
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Definition
| False. Visible light has much less relative energy. |
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Term
| True or False: chlorophyll a and b absorb the green in the visible light spectrum. |
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Definition
| False, the pigments are green because "green" is reflected back. |
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|
Term
| When looking at the structure of a pigment, which part absorbs the light? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a function of Carotenoids, what do they keep at bay? |
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Definition
| Free-radicals, which are made during photosynthesis and cellular respiration |
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Term
| T o F: Carotenoids absorb the wavelengths of light just the same as chlorophyll |
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Definition
| False; they absorb the "left-over" wavelengths that are not absorbed by chlorophyll a and b |
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|
Term
| How are pigment molecules characterized? |
|
Definition
| By their absorption spectrum |
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|
Term
| What system captures and channels photons into the reaction center chlorophylls? |
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Definition
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Term
| Photosystems are composed of: |
|
Definition
| pigments and associated proteins held within a protein matrix on the surface of the photosynthetic membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| 5 carbon sugar and a phosphate that bonds with CO2 to form PGA during calvin cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
| A 3 carbon molecule and a phosphate that is made from RuBP and CO2 during calvin cycle |
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Term
| What is needed before the calvin cycle begins? |
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Definition
| ATP needs to be produced and NADP+ needs to be reduced to form NADPH |
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|
Term
| When is ATP first used during the calvin cycle? |
|
Definition
| To add an additional phophate group to PGA |
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|
Term
| What is the actual final product of the calvin cycle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How many CO2 molecules does it take to produce one molecule of the final product of the calvin cycle? |
|
Definition
| three molecules to produce one molecule of G3P |
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|
Term
| How many ATP and NADPH molecules does the calvin cycle consume to produce each G3P? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used from the calvin cycle to produce glucose? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What stores the energy that chlorophyll originally captured from the sun? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Photosystem I and II are basically what? |
|
Definition
| Light absorbing molecules |
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|
Term
| What happens when pigments are excited? |
|
Definition
| energized electrons are released |
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|
Term
| What accumulates inside the thylakoid to synthesize ATP? |
|
Definition
| H+ creates a proton gradient |
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|
Term
| What replaces the e- lost during photosystem II's trapped molecule? |
|
Definition
| The splitting of water replaces much needed electrons. |
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|
Term
| The splitting of water also serves to: |
|
Definition
| create a proton gradient by donating H+ |
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|
Term
| What helps make oxygen during photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Photosystem I or Photosystem II is where NADP+ is reduced to form NADPH |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two important products of the light-dependent reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the area within a leaf where there is a high concentration of cells rich in chloroplasts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the antenna complex work? |
|
Definition
| When the proper wavelength of light is absorbed w/in a photosystem. The excitation energy is transferred from one molecule to another until it goes to the reaction center |
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|
Term
| Within the photosystems, what are the two subdivisions which are part of the chemical process? |
|
Definition
1. antenna complex
2. reaction center |
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|
Term
| What is the primary job of the antenna complex? |
|
Definition
| It is involved in light harvesting |
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|
Term
| What is the primary job of the reaction center? |
|
Definition
| This is where photochemcial reactions occur. |
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|
Term
| Human cells have ____ chromosomes, consisting of ____ identical pairs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F:
In every eukaryotic organism, there is the same amt. of chromosomes. |
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Definition
| False, each organism has different amounts. |
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|
Term
| What composes chromosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the cell, how is the DNA shaped and why? |
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Definition
| It is coiled to allow a larger amount in a small area. |
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|
Term
| Why do the histone proteins have the ability to bind to DNA which has a negative charged phosphate group? |
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Definition
| Although proteins are normally negatively charged, histone proteins are positively charged. |
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Term
| What is the particular type of chromosomes that an organism possesses called? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When speaking about the number of chromosomes, what is (n) and what is (2n)? |
|
Definition
(n) is haploid
(2n) is diploid |
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|
Term
| In humans, what is the diploid and haploid number of chromosomes? |
|
Definition
the diploid number is 46
haploid is 23 |
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|
Term
| What ploidy number reflects the equal genetic contribution of each parent to make the offspring? |
|
Definition
| Diploid number of chromosomes. |
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|
Term
| What is the difference between a sister chromatid and a homologous chromosome? |
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Definition
| Sister chromatids are two replicas of the same chromosome (1 mom & 1 pop) held together at cetromere whereas the homologous chromosomes are not held together just the same chromosome, one from mom, one from pop |
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|
Term
| What is the name of the protein which holds the chromosomes together? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| If the pair of the same chromosomes are called homologous, what is an individual chromosome (i.e. one from mom and one from pop, but they are the same chromosome) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After DNA replication occurs, and the homologous chromosomes are linked, what are each individual called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stage does the cell spend most of its time? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In which stage does the nuclear envelope dissolve, chromosomes condense and the spindle fibers form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the protein strands that reach from one end of the cell to the other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what stage are the chromosomes first visible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stage of mitosis is DNA synthesized? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the area where all the chromosomes congregate towards? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During what stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope develop on the two daughter cells? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the stage called when the cell is between divisions? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Cancer cells tend to effect the amount of chromosomes in a cell. |
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Definition
| True: cancer can effect both an over abundance of cell growth and the number of chromosomes produced during cell replication. |
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|
Term
| What are the key molecules that control and coordinate cell division? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you were to say who was in charge in a cell, who would it be? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main function during G1 phase of mitosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stage of mitosis does the cell stay in the longest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the S phase of mitosis |
|
Definition
| Synthesis, where the cell is replicating its DNA |
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|
Term
| When speaking of mature nerve cells, what phase of cell replication do they stay in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When there is no growth of a cell, what is that phase referred to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the stage of mitosis where chromosomes align in the center? |
|
Definition
| Metaphase (they align at the metaphase plate) |
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|
Term
| What is the name of the movement of chromosomes toward the center of the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the quickest phase of mitosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stage of mitosis is when the cohesion proteins are being broken down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what stage in mitosis does the nuclear envelope reform? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the spindle fibers attach during division? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the place where the sister chromatids attach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the kinetochore located? |
|
Definition
| On the outside, the opposte side of chromosome |
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|
Term
| What stage do the chromosomes start condensing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another term for late interphase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of a centriole? |
|
Definition
| 9 triplets of microtubles and one core, two are always at right angles of eachother |
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|
Term
| During what phase of division does the cell actually separate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In preparation for cytokinesis, what do animal cells form? |
|
Definition
| They construct a belt of actin filaments that pinch off and form a cleavage furrow |
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|
Term
| During cytokinesis, how are plant cells different from animal cells? |
|
Definition
| Plant cells form cell plates and animal cells form cleavage furrows |
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|
Term
| Comparing the beginning and the ending of mitosis, how many chromosomes are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F:
Mitosis is always occurring in cells. |
|
Definition
| False; there is a G0 phase of mitosis where the cell is resting |
|
|
Term
| Stage where daughter cells separate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that promote mitosis |
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|
Term
| What do growth factors bind to? |
|
Definition
| Integral proteins within the plasma membrane |
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|
Term
| Why do growth factors bind to integral proteins? |
|
Definition
| To bind to receptors which work with cell signaling |
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|
Term
| When growth factors bind to receptors and growth of a cell is needed, what happens next? |
|
Definition
| proteins which are needed for DNA synthesis to occur are signaled to start producing. |
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|
Term
| When referring to cell signaling, what are the "things" that are told to start the process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the enzymes called that modify proteins by adding a phosphate group to them? |
|
Definition
| Cdks (Cyclin dependent kinases) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzymes that modify cyclin by adding a phosphate group to them. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the cell cycle, where are the checkpoints located? |
|
Definition
G1 checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
spindle assembly checkpoint |
|
|
Term
| The G1 checkpoint checks what? |
|
Definition
| The size of the cell, nutrients, growth factors, and if there is any damaged DNA |
|
|
Term
| During the G2 checkpoint, what is being checked? |
|
Definition
| Cell size and DNA replication |
|
|
Term
| During the spindle assembly checkpoint, what is being checked? |
|
Definition
| Chromosomal attachment to the spindles |
|
|
Term
| What are the three features that are unique to meiosis? |
|
Definition
| Synapsis, homologous recombination and reduction division |
|
|
Term
| What is the process of forming complexes of homologous chromosomes (after replication)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material. |
|
|
Term
| At the end of meiosis, each cell contains _______ the original complement of chromosomes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: The sister chromatids that are formed after Meiosis II are always identical. |
|
Definition
| False; because of crossing over, the genes are "mixed" |
|
|
Term
| Homologous chromosomes are chromosomes which consist of genetic material from both _________ and ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when there are different forms of genes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During what phase of meiosis do non-sister chromatids pair? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do the gametes produced by meiosis have different combination of alleles? |
|
Definition
| recombination and independent assortment |
|
|
Term
| The final amount of chromosomes for mitosis and meiosis are: |
|
Definition
mitosis diploid (same as when started)
Meiosis haploid four cells with half of the amt. of chromosomes |
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