Term
| Aponeurosis (of the external oblique) |
|
Definition
- attaches to inguinal ligament
- connects muscle to part it moves |
|
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Term
|
Definition
- runs midline down body
- connection for the aponeurosis' of all 3 abdominal wall muscles (external, internal, and transversus abdominis)
- higher incidence of tears when attached to aponeurosis |
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Term
| Actions of Muscles of Abdominal Wall |
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Definition
- lateral flexion and rotation of trunk
- helps promote urination, defecation, childbirth, vomiting, coughing, screaming, and forced expiration by compressing abdominal contents |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Lumbar Plexus, ventral rami (L1-L4) |
|
Definition
- innervates the thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle
1. Femoral n. (L2-L4) - innervates quadriceps and skin of anterior thigh and medial surface of the leg
2. Obturator n. (L2-L4) - passes through obturator foramen to innervate adductor muscles. |
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Term
| Sacral Plexus, ventral rami (L4-S4) |
|
Definition
1. Sciatic n. (ventral rami of L4, L5, S1-S3)
a) Tibial n. (L4-S3)
b) Common Fibular n. (L4-S2)
2. Pudenal n. - ventral rami of S2-S4
- large branch off of sacral plexus, in pelvic region
- innervates bladder, rectum, and external genitalia. |
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Term
|
Definition
innervates
- skin of ant. and medial thigh, leg, and foot.
- hip and knee joints via saphenous branch
- motor to anterior muscles (quads) |
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Term
|
Definition
| - motor to adductor muscles of leg, sensory for skin of medial thigh, hip, and knee joints |
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Term
| Lateral Femoral Cutaneous (L2, L3) |
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Definition
| - skin of lateral thigh, some sensory branches to peritoneum |
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Term
|
Definition
| - innervates skin of lower abdomen and hip, muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall (internal obliques, transversus abdominus) |
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Term
|
Definition
| - innervates skin of external genitalia and proximal aspect of thigh and inferior abdominal muscles |
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Term
|
Definition
| - skin of scrotum in males, of labia majora in females, and of ant. thigh inferior to middle inguinal region, cremaster muscle in males |
|
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Term
Dermatomes
- L1
- L2
- L3
- L4
- L5 |
|
Definition
- inguinal
- medial upper thigh
- lateral upper thigh and medial lower thigh
- lateral lower thigh, medial lower leg, patella
- lateral lower leg |
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Term
| Referred pain - where can pain from the liver be felt? gallbladder? appendix? kidney? |
|
Definition
Liver - right clavicle and RUQ
Gallbladder - right shoulder and RUQ
Appendix - RLQ
Kidney - can be felt almost anywhere, but usually in the groin or thigh pain. |
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Term
|
Definition
- linked to CNS via AFFERENT visceral fibers
- long ANS fibers synapse with enteric plexuses
a) SNS impulses inhibit secretion & motility (dec. digestion)
b) PNS impulses stimulate (rest & digest) |
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Term
| Sympathetic nerve supply to stomach? Jejunum & Ilium |
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Definition
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|
Term
4 Quadrants of the body (and contents)
Right Upper Quadrant |
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Definition
| 1. RUQ - liver, gallbladder, small intestine, duodenum, distal portion of stomach(pyloric), ascending colon, transverse colon, head of pancreas, kidney, ureter |
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|
Term
4 Quadrants of the body (and contents)
Left Upper Quadrant |
|
Definition
| 2. LUQ - liver, esophagus(both upper quadrants), stomach, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, transverse colon, descending colon, kidney, ureter |
|
|
Term
4 Quadrants of the body (and contents)
Left Lower Quadrant |
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Definition
| LLQ - small intestine(ilium), large intestine(cecum), ascending colon, appendix, rectum, anal canal, anus, ureter, bladder, urethra |
|
|
Term
4 Quadrants of the body (and contents)
Right Lower Quadrant |
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Definition
| RLQ - small intestine, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anus, ureter, bladder, urethra |
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Term
| Abdominal regions (planes) |
|
Definition
- transverse line (separates upper and lower) goes through umbilicus
- above ASIS is abdomen
- MCL through midpoint of inguinal ligament
- midsagittal line separates left and right halves of body |
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Term
| 2 groups of organs for Digestion |
|
Definition
1. Alimentary Canal(GI tract)
- cont. muscular tube
- digests and absorbs food
- organs inc: mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, and large intesting
2. Accessory (digestive organs)
- teeth, tongue, gallbladder
- digestive glands
a) salivary
b) liver
c) pancreas |
|
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Term
| 6 Essential Digestive Processes |
|
Definition
1. ingestion - taking food in, usually by mouth
2. mechanical digestion - physically preparing food for digestion by enzymes (chewing, mixing food w/ saliva, churning food(mixing), segmentation/local constriction of small intestine
3. chemical digestion - food molec. broken down to building blocks
4. propulsion - moves food through alimentary canal (swallowing, peristalsis)
5. absorption - passage of digested end products from lumen of GI tract through mucosal cells by active/passive transport into blood or lymph
6. defecation - eliminating indigestible substances from body via anus in the form of feces |
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Term
|
Definition
A) Visceral - covers external surface of most organs
B) Parietal - lines the body wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- lies b/w 2 peritoneums
- serous membranes secrete fluid which allows the digestive organs to be mobile (move across one another) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Cardiac Region
- surrounds cardiac orifice
- contains Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
2. Fundus
- dome-shaped region below diaphragm
3. Body
- midportion
4. Pyloric(antrum, pyloric canal, pylorus) - the pylorus is continuous with the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter.
5. Greater curvature - convex lateral surface
6. Lesser curvature - concave medial surface |
|
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Term
| Stomach Layers (external muscles) |
|
Definition
- longitudinal
- circular
- oblique |
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Term
| Stomach Regions (lesser and greater curvatures) |
|
Definition
1. Greater curvature(inferior,lateral)
2. Lesser Curvature (superior,medial) |
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Term
| Lesser Omentum and Greater Omentum |
|
Definition
1. Lesser - holds stomach in place b/w the liver, duodenum, and stomach
- from the liver to the lesser curvature and proximal part of the duodenum
2. Greater - drapes inferiorly from greater curvature, anterior to small intestine (abdominal policeman) b/c it keeps bacteria out. |
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Term
| ANS nerve supply to stomach |
|
Definition
Sympathetic via splanchnic nervers and ciliac plexus (T6-T9)
Parasympathetic via vagus nerve (CNX) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. Chief cells - secrete pepsinogen
2. Parietal - secretes HCl (denatures protein in food, activates pepsin, and kills bacteria) and secretes Intrinsic factor(absorption of vitamin B12 in small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Abdominal Aorta -> celiac trunk -> left & right gastric arteries = supplies lesser curvature
R. gastroepiploic a. - supplies greater curvature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of intrinsic factor (absorption of B12 in small intestine is dec.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- erosion of stomach wall
- usually caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria
- chronic NSAID use can cause ulcers |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| - Ampulla is an enlargement on the duodenum where the bile duct and main pancreatic duct converge and enter duodenum. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. Right & Left Hepatic Duct = common hepatic duct
2. Common Hepatic Duct & Cystic Duct = common bile duct
3. Common Bile Duct & Pancreatic Duct = Hepatopancreatic Duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- major organ of digestion and absorption
Subdivisions
a) duodenum (retroperitoneal, cannot be cause of peritonitis)
b) jejunum
c) ileum - attaches to large intestine at cecum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- bladder
- urethra
- kidney
- adrenal cortex
- duodenum
- pancreas
- rectum
- ureters |
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Term
| What increases SA of proximal part of small intestine for nutrient absorption |
|
Definition
1. Circular folds (plicae circularis)
2. villi
3. microvilli - on top of villi |
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Term
| Digestion in small intestine |
|
Definition
1. chyme from stomach contains
- partially digested CHO and proteins
- undigested fats
2. Motility
- peristalsis |
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Term
| Vitamin absorption in small intestine |
|
Definition
- fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)
- water-soluble vitamines (C and B)
- Vitamin B12 binds to intrinsic factor and is absorbed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A) Cecum
- where ileum of small intestine attaches (ileocecal valve)
- vermiform appendix attaches |
|
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Term
| Large Intestine(unique features) |
|
Definition
a) Teniae Coli - 3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in the muscularis
b) Haustra - pocket-like sacs caused by the tone of the teniae coli
c) Epiploic appendages - fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum |
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Term
| Functions of Large Intestine |
|
Definition
- vitamins, water, and electrolytes are reclaimed
- propulsion of feces toward the anus is the MAJOR function
- synthesizes B complex vitamins and vitamin K(clotting factor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a) rectum - storage of feces
b) anal canal - last segment of large intestine
c) sphincters
- internal anal sphincter - smooth muscle
- external anal sphincter - skeletal muscle |
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|
Term
| Defecation (parasympathetic signals) |
|
Definition
- distention initiates spinal defecation reflex
- stimulate contraction of the sigmoid colon and rectum
- relax the internal anal sphincter
**conscious control allows for relaxation of external anal sphincter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- located in RLQ
- deep to a point 2/3 the way along an oblique line from the umbilicus to the ASIS
or
- deep to a point 1/3 the way from the ASIS to the umbilicus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- lesser omentum anchors liver to stomach
4 lobes of liver
1. right
2. left
3. caudate - from inferior aspect
4. quadrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A) Falciform Ligament
- separates right(larger) and left(smaller) lobes
- suspends liver from the diaphragm and ant. abdominal wall
B) Round Ligament
- remnant of fetal umbilical vein along free edge of falciform ligament |
|
|
Term
| What is the Portal triad found at each corner of a lobule of the liver? |
|
Definition
1. bile duct - receives bile from bile canaliculi
2. Portal arteriole - branch of hepatic artery, supplies O2 rich blood to liver
3. Hepatic venule - carries venous blood, is a branch of the hepatic portal vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- process blood-borne nutrients
- store fat-soluble vitamins
- perform detoxification
- produces bile (bile is only stored in the gallbladder) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- yellow/green alkaline sln containing
a) bile salts - function in fat emulsification and absorption
b)bilirubin(pigment formed from heme)
c) cholesterol, PL, electrolytes |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of bile Secretion |
|
Definition
| - gallbladder contraction is stimulated by Cholecystokinin(CCK) from intestinal cells exposed to proteins and fat in chyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- stores and concentrates bile by absorbing its water and ions
- releasese bile via the cystic duct, which flow into the bile duct
- cystic duct is bi-directional |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- mostly retroperitoneal
- head(medial) is encircled by the C loop of the duodenum
- tail(lateral) abuts the spleen |
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|
Term
| Pancreas(Endocrine function) |
|
Definition
A) Islets of Langerhans contain endocrine cells
1) Alpha cells produce Glucagon which increases glucose (hyperglycemic)
2) Beta cells produce Insulin which decreases glucose levels (hypoglycemic) |
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Term
| Pancreas(Exocrine function) |
|
Definition
- secreted into duct and goes to a specific organ
1. Acinar Cells - produce enzyme-rich juice for digestion |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and non CHOs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- lowers blood glucose levels
- enhances the transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells
- inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Polyuria - huge urine output
2. Polydipsia - excessive thirst
3. Polyphagia - excessive hunger and food consumption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - excessive insulin secretion results in hypoglycemia, disorientation, and possible unconsciousness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- largest lymphoid organ
Functions
a) site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
b) cleanses the blood of aged RBCs, platelets, and debris
c) stores breakdown products of RBCs(ex. Iron) for later reuse |
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Term
| Structure of the Spleen, 2 areas(white pulp & red pulp) |
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Definition
1) white pulp - around central arteries, mostly lymphocytes on reticular fibers and involved in immune functions
2) red pulp in venous sinuses and splenic cords - rich in macrophages for disposal of worn-out RBCs and bloodborne pathogens |
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Term
| Adrenal Glands(suprarenal), 2 glands in one |
|
Definition
1. Adrenal Medulla - nervous tissue, part of SNS
2. Adrenal Cortex - 3 layers of glandular tissues that synthesize and secrete corticosteroids |
|
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Term
| 3 Layers of Adrenal Cortex |
|
Definition
1. Zona Glomerulosa - mineralcorticoids
2. Zona Fasciculata - glucocorticoids
3. Zona Reticularis - gonadocorticoids (sex hormones) |
|
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Term
| Mineralocorticoids (zona glomerulosa) |
|
Definition
- regulates electrolytes (Na+,K+ in ECF)
- Aldosterone is the MOST potent mineralocorticoid. It stimulates Na+ reabsorption & H2O retention by the kidneys |
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Term
| Adrenal Medulla (short term stress response) |
|
Definition
- chromaffin cells secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
A) Epinephrine inc. metabolic rate, bronchial dilation, blood flow to skeletal muscles & heart
B) NE influences peripheral vasoconstriction, inc. BP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Hypothalamus - CRH(corticotropin releasing hormone)
2. Anterior Pituitary - ACTH(adrenocorticotropic hormone)
3. Adrenal Cortex - mineralcorticoids & glucocorticoids
2. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Kidneys - major excretory organ
2. Urinary Bladder - temporarty storage reservoir for urine
3. Ureters - transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
4. Urethra - transports urine out of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- removal of toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions from the blood
- regulation of blood volume, chemical composition, and pH
- Renin: regulation of bp and kidney function
- Erythropoietin: regulation of RBC production
- activation of vit. D |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- retroperitoneal
- right kidney is lower than the left b/c of liver
- renal hilum leads to renal sinus (ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter/exit at hilum) |
|
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Term
| Internal Anatomy of the Kidney |
|
Definition
1. Renal Cortex - granular, superficial region
2. Renal Medulla - cone-shaped medullary pyramids separated by renal columns
3. Lobe - a medullary pyramid and its surrounding cortical tissue
4. Papilla - tip of pyramid, releases urine into minor calyx
5. Renal Pelvis - funnel-shaped tube within renal sinus
6. Major Calyces
a) branching channels of the renal pelvis that collect urine from minor calyces and empty urine into pelvis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-structural and function units that form urine
2 parts
1) Glomerulus - a tuft of capillaries(where filtration first takes place)
2. Renal Tubule - begins as a cup-shaped(Bowman's Capsule) surroinding the glomerulus, filtration takes place here as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glomerulus and its glomerular capsule |
|
|
Term
| Fenestrated Glomerular Endothelium |
|
Definition
| -allows filtrate to pass from plasma into the glomerular capsule |
|
|
Term
| Proximal Convoluted Tubule(PCT)[renal tubule] |
|
Definition
- cuboidal cells with dense microvilli and large mitochondria
- functions in reabsorption and secretion(into body)
confined to renal cortex |
|
|
Term
| Loop of Henle(only tubule in renal medulla) |
|
Definition
1. Descending limb - thin, freely permeable to H2O
- simple squamous epithelium
2. Ascending (thick)
- cuboidal to columnar cells |
|
|
Term
| Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)[renal tubule] |
|
Definition
- function more in SECRETION than reabsorption
- confined to renal cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- receive filtrate from many nephrons
- fuse together to deliver urine through papillae into minor calyces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aorta -> Renal artery -> Afferent arteriole -> GLOMERULUS(capillaries) -> Efferent Arteriole -> Peritubular capillaries & vasa Recta -> renal vein -> IVC (after vasa recta, it is venous blood) |
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|
Term
| Blood pressure in capillary beds is high b/c: |
|
Definition
- afferent arterioles are smaller in diameter than efferent arterioles
- arterioles are high resistence vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- long vessels parallel to long loops of henle
- function in formation of conentrated urine |
|
|
Term
| Juxtaglomerular Apparatus(in distal portion of ascending limb of loop of henle and lies against afferent arteriole) |
|
Definition
- one per nephron
- important in regulation of filtrate formation and bp.
- JG cells act as mechanoreceptors that sense bp, secretory granules contain renin
- Macula Densa act as chemoreceptors that sense NaCL content in filtrate
- Extraglomerular mesangial cells are interconnected by gap junctions and pass signals b/w macula densa and granular cells |
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms for Urine Formation |
|
Definition
a) Tubular Reabsorption (body absorbs)
- returns all glucose and AA, H2O, salt, and other components to the blood
b) Tubular Secretion
- reverse of reabsorption, substances move into filtrate and is added to urine. |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of Glomerular Filtration (GFR) |
|
Definition
A) Intrinsic controls(renal autoregulation)
- inc. BP = constriction of afferent arterioles = normal GFR
- dec. BP = dilation of afferent arterioles = normal GFR
B) Extrinsic Controls - nervous and endocrine mechanisms that maintain bp, also affect kidney function
- under extreme stress, NE is released from SNS & Epi is released from adrenal medulla.(both cause constriction of afferent arterioles, inhibit filtration, & trigger release of renin) |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of Glomerular Filtration (GFR) |
|
Definition
A) Intrinsic controls(renal autoregulation)
- inc. BP = constriction of afferent arterioles = normal GFR
- dec. BP = dilation of afferent arterioles = normal GFR
B) Extrinsic Controls - nervous and endocrine mechanisms that maintain bp, also affect kidney function
- under extreme stress, NE is released from SNS & Epi is released from adrenal medulla.(both cause constriction of afferent arterioles, inhibit filtration, & trigger release of renin) |
|
|
Term
| Reabsorptive capabilities of renal tubules/collecting ducts |
|
Definition
A) PCT - site of most reabsorption
- Na+, H2O, ions, SMALL PROTEINS
B) Loop of Henle
- descending limb = H2O
- ascending limb = Na+, K+, Cl-
C) DCT/collecting duct - reabsorption is HORMONALLY regulated
- Ca2+(PTH), H2O(ADH), Na+(aldosterone) |
|
|
Term
| Physical Characteristics of Urine |
|
Definition
- clear, pale to deep yellow(due to urochrome)
- large proteins and [high] are abnormal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- retroperitoneal
- enter the base of the bladder through the post. wall(inc. pressure, distal ends of ureters close to prevent backflow) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abdomen(intestinal & lumbar trunks) drains into thoracic duct through cisterna chylii |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Sacrum - S1-S5 fused
- forms posterior wall of pelvis, articulates with L5 superiorly and with hip bones laterally
2. Coccyx - C1-C4 fused, kyphotic curve
- articulates superiorly with sacrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 2 hip bones(each called coxal bone or os coxae)
- transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs and support for pelvic organs
- each hip bone consists of 3 fused bones(ilium, ischium, and pubis
- sacrum + coccyx + hip bones = bony pelvis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- tilted forward, bones are lighter, thinner, and smoother.
- pubic arch is broader/wider
- acetebulum is smaller, further apart
- sacrum is wider, shorter, more post. and straighter
- coccyx is more movable, straighter, more post. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- heavier, thicker bones
- pubic arch is narrower
- acetebulum is larger
- sacrum and coccyx is more ventral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 31 pairs
a) 8 cervical
b) 12 thoracic
c) 5 lumbar
d) 5 sacral
e) 1 coccygeal(Co1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a) L1 - inguinal ligament
b) L5 - buttocks
c) S1 - buttocks
d) S2 - buttocks
e) S3 - groin
f) S4 - perineum and genitals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- arises from ventral rami L1-L4
- caudal equina is superior to sacral plexus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- arises from ventral rami L4-S4
- innervates buttocks, lower limb, pelvic structure, and perineum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- composed of 2 nerves(tibial and common fibular)
- L4-L5 and S1-S3
- longest and thickest bone in body
- innervates hamstring, adductor magnus, and most muscles of the leg and foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 2 nerves(tibial and common fibular)
- Spinal Nerves: L4, L5, S1-S3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- motor branches
- spinal nerves: L4, L5, S1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- motor branches to gluteus maximus
- L5-S2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- skin of buttock, post. thigh, and popliteal region
- spinal nerves: S1-S3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- supplies most of skin and muscles of perineum and external anal sphincter
- spinal nerves: ventral aspect, S2-S4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- liver
- gallbladder
- small intestin
- duodenum
- distal portion of stomach
- pyloric sphincter
- ureter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- liver
- esophagus
- LES
- stomach
- pancreas
- spleen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - a membraneous fold connecting any number of organs to the abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- small intestine
- ileum
- cecum
- appendix
- rectum
- anus
- urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- small intestines
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- rectum
- anus
- ureter
- bladder
- urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- kidneys are major excretory organs
- bladder is temporary storage reservoir
- ureters transport urine from kidneys to the bladder
- urethra transports urine out of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- retroperitoneal
- enter base of bladder through posterior wall
- as bladder pressure increases, distal ends of the ureters close, preventing backflow of urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- retroperitoneal, on pelvic floor posterior to pubic symphysis
a) males - prostate gland surrounds the neck inferiorly
b) females - anterior to the vagina and uterus
- Trigone: smooth triangular area outlined by the openings for the ureters and the urethra. Infections persist in this area
- when empty it collapses, rugae appear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sphincters
a) internal urethral sphincter
- involuntary at bladder-urethral junction
- contracts to open, allows voiding
- inc. PNS
b) external urethral sphincter
- voluntary(skeletal m.) surrounding the urethra
- contracts to close, prevents voiding, inc. in somatic motor nerve activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- carries semen and urine
3 Regions
a) Prostatic urethra
b) Membranous - passes through urogenital diaphragm
c) Spongy urethra - passies through penis and opens via the external urethra orifice |
|
|
Term
| Micturition (3 simultaneous events) |
|
Definition
1. contraction of detrusor muscle by ANS
2. closure of internal urethral sphincter by ANS
3. opening of external urethra sphincter by somatic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Inlet of pelvis and Outlet of pelvis |
|
Definition
inlet = superior aspect at ASIS
outlet = childbirth, inferior aspect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- R. Common Iliac supplies the right side of pelvis
- L common Iliac supplies the left side of pelvis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- left side of pelvis drains into L. common iliac vein
- right side of pelvis drains into R. common iliac vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- gonads (testes)
- they produce sex cells
- secrete steroid sex hormones(androgens) |
|
|
Term
| Accessory reproductive organs(male) |
|
Definition
- ducts(seminal vesicles)
- glands (prostate, bulbourethral glands - empties secretions into ducts during ejaculation)
- external genitalia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- testes produce sperm
- sperm goes to seminiferous vesicles -> epididymis -> Vas(ductus) Deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra -> penis
(SEVENUP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a) sac of skin and superficial fascia
- covered with sparse hair
- outside the abdominopelvic cavity
- contains paired testes(kept lower temp. than core for sperm production) |
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Term
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Definition
temp is kept constant by 2 sets of muscles
a) Dartos m. - smooth muscle that wrinkles scrotal skin
b) Cremaster m. - bands of skeletal m. that arise from the internal oblique m. and they elevate the testes.(innervated by the genitofemoral n. L1, L2 |
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Term
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Definition
Seminiferous tubules - site of sperm production
sperm is moved by cilia through:
- seminiferous tubules
- tubulus rectus
- testis
- efferent ductules
- epididymis(maturation occurs here) |
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Term
| Interstitial Cells(Leydig cells) |
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Definition
- soft connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules
- produce androgens (testosterone) |
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Term
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Definition
| - encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply the testes |
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Term
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Definition
A) Root(crus) - proximal end, surrounded by ischiocavernosus m., anchors penis to the pubic arch
B) Glans penis - distal end
C) Prepuce(foreskin) - loose skin covering the glans penis
- circumcision is removal of the glans penis |
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Term
| The Penis(Corpus Spongiosum) |
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Definition
- surrounds the urethra and expands to form the glans and bulb of penis
- spongy urethra |
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Term
| The Penis(Corpora Cavernosa) |
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Definition
- paired dorsal erectile bodies
- proximal ends form crura(crus)of penis |
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Term
| Male Duct System (Epididymis) |
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Definition
a) non-motile sperm enter & leave motile
b) Microvilli(stereocilia) absorb testicular fluid & pass nutrients to stored sperm(nutrients while maturing) |
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Term
| Male Duct System (Ductus Deferens) |
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Definition
- expands to form the ampulla & then joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct
- vasectomy is when you cut/ligate ductus deferens |
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Term
| Male Duct System (Urethra) |
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Definition
- transports urine and semen, but at different times
3 regions
a) prostatic urethra
b) membranous urethra
c) spongy(penile) urethra |
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Term
| Male Duct System (seminal vesicles) |
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Definition
- produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid, proteins, fructose,....
- ductus deferens + duct of seminal vesicle = ejaculatory duct |
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Term
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Definition
- secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid
- neutralizes vaginal tract
- contains prostate-specific antigen(PSA)
- you cannot detect cancer with PSA b/c it is elevated in enlarged prostates |
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Term
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Definition
- pea-sized, inferior to prostate
- produces thick, clear mucus prior to ejaculation
- lubricates glans penis
- neutralizes trace amounts of acidic urine in the urethra |
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Term
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Definition
| - mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions |
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Term
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Definition
a) PNS reflex promotes release of nitric oxide(NO)
- NO causes erectile tissue to fill with blood
b) expansion of the corpora cavernosa occurs
- compresses drainage veins and maintains erection
- corpus spongiosum keeps urethra open |
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Term
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Definition
a) neurological input
b) blood input
c) psychological input |
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Term
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Definition
1) head - genetic region, nucleus and helmet-like acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate the egg
2. Midpiece - metabolic region, mitochondria
3. Tail - locomotor region(flagellum) |
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Term
| HPG (hypothalamus/pituitary/gonadal) Axis |
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Definition
- hypothalamus releases GnRH
- GnRH stimulates ant. pit to release FSH & LH
- FSH causes cells to release androgen-binding protein, makes cells receptive to testosterone
- LH stimulates cells to release testosterone
testosterone is FINAL trigger for spermatogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
- rising levels of testosterone
- Inhibin is released when sperm count is too high |
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Term
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Definition
- produce female gametes(ova)
- secrete female sex hormones(estrogen,progesterone) |
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Term
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Definition
- uterine tubes
- uterus
- vagina(an opening, not an organ!) |
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Term
| Female internal genitalia |
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Definition
- ovaries
- uterine tubes
- uterus
- vagina - vaginal area is an opening, not an organ |
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Term
| External Genitalia (female) |
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Definition
- hymen(tissue covering vaginal opening)
- labia minora |
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Term
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Definition
1. Ovarian ligament - anchors ovary medially to the uterus
2. Broad ligament - supports the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina' also contains the suspensory ligament and mesovarium
3. suspensory ligament - anchors ovary laterally to the pelvic wall |
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Term
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Definition
| suspensory and mesovarium |
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Term
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Definition
| - ejection of the oocyte from the ripening follice |
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Term
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Definition
- develops from ruptured follicles after ovulation
- produces progesterone which inhibits the uterus from shedding its lining, can cause ovarian cysts |
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Term
| Fertilization of an oocyte occurs where? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- isn't physically attached to ovary
- the fimbrae is what branches off of uterine tube to the ovary |
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Term
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Definition
- uterine tubes
- uterus
- vagina |
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Term
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Definition
a) ampulla
- site of fertilization
- fibriae of infundibulum create currents that move oocyte into the uterine tube from the ovary
b) isthmus - constricted region where tube joins uterus |
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Term
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Definition
a) Body - major portion
b) Fundus - rounded superior portion
c) Isthmus(of uterus) - narrowed inferior region, superior to cervix
d) cervix - narrow neck/outlet, projects into vagina |
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Term
| cervical canal communicates with vagina by way of: |
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Definition
| - external os (site of pap smears) |
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Term
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Definition
- diamond-shaped region b/w the pubic arch and coccyx
- bordered by ischial tuberosities, laterally |
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Term
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Definition
1. Follicular phase - period of follicle growth(days 1-14), oocyte in ovary
**ovulation occurs midcycle(mittelschmerz is twinge of pain sometimes felt)
2. Luteal phase (days 14-28) - period of corpus luteum activity, oocyte out of ovary |
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Term
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Definition
- secretes progesterone and estrogen (prevents menstrual cycle)
- if fertilization doesn't occur, corpus luteum degenerates into a corpus albicans in 10 days
- if fertilization does occur, the luteum produces hormones until the placenta takes over at 3 months |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| hormonal interactions during ovarian cycel |
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Definition
day 1: GnRH releases LH & FSH -> inc. estrogen
day 14: LH surge triggers ovulation
days 26-28: corpus luteum degenerates and ovarian hormone levels drop sharply |
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Term
| Menstrual cycle (3 phases) |
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Definition
1. days 1-5: menstrual phase
2. days 6-14: proliferative (preovulatory)
3. days 15-28: secretory (postovulatory) |
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Term
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Definition
a) posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin
- contractions of the uterus
- milk "let down" |
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Term
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Definition
- modified sweat glands
- areaola: pigmented area around nipple
- lobules within lobes contain glandular alveoli(lobes in breast) that produce milk
- prolactin -> milk production
- oxytocin -> milk letdown |
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Term
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Definition
| - controlled by prolactin-inhibiting hormone(PIH), dopamine |
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Term
| breast cancer risk factors |
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Definition
- early onset of menstruation/late menopause
- no pregnancies or pregnancies late in life
- family hx of breast cancer |
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