Term
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Definition
deeper fossils means older than fossils above
closer to top: fossils more similar to species to-date |
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Term
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Definition
| precursor to prokaryote, aggregates of abiotic that are non-reproducing but maintain internal chemical environment that differ from environment |
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Term
| Stanely Miller Experiment |
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Definition
simulate primitive earth atmosphere in an attempt to make organic molecules from inorganic molecules. (not accurate)
amino acids, carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
1. characterized by accurate replication/genetic continuity
2. cell structure: membrane separates genome from environment
3. metabolism |
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Term
| Cyanobacteria/Stromatolites |
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Definition
| earliest fossils, photosynthetic organisms thought to have changed the atmosphere to have Oxy abundance |
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Term
| Endosymbiosis- Give Examples |
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Definition
the relationship between to organisms, one of which lives in the other.
ex. Mitochandria, Chloroplasts, nitrogen-fixating bacteria in roots of plants (dependent of N2 for growing) |
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Term
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Definition
| well-known fossil group of extinct marine anthropods during early Cambrian epoch |
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Term
| Enrichment Cultures-What is it for? |
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Definition
Method for identifying bacteria/archaea
-specific growing conditions to maximize growth rate AKA culturing |
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Term
| Direct Sequencing-What is it for? |
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Definition
| Method for identifying bacteria/archaea -lyse cell, extract specific sequence via PCR, compare to data base. no matches? NEW SPECIES |
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Term
| 1.Thermophiles, 2.Halophiles, 3.Sulfate Reducers, 4.Methanogens |
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Definition
| eXtreme bacteria 1. heat loving 2. salt loving 3. H2S by-product of cellular respiration 4. CH4 by-product of cellular respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| ancestral population and all descendants |
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Term
| Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs |
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Definition
| manufacture own building blocks via sunlight, photosynthesis "self feeders" vs. obtain building block compounds from other organisms "other-feeders" |
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Term
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Definition
| species that use water as a source of electrons and have O2 as a biproduct |
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Term
| Anoxygenic photosynthesis |
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Definition
| by-products produce elemental S and Fe3+, O2 is rare |
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Term
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Definition
| species that produces chemical energy by making organic compounds - photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| derived traits that distinguish major monophyletic groups |
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Term
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Definition
| moving of tectonic plates moving along one another. Generally moves 1 inch per year in JERKING movements |
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Term
| Divergent vs. Convergent Plate Movement |
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Definition
| Divergent moves plates apart creating oceans. Convergent moves plates together creating mountain ranges. |
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Term
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Definition
| +2 groups closely related but live far away from each other explained by plate tectonics |
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Term
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Definition
| all life during specific time |
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Term
| Mass Extinction (specific time periods) |
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Definition
Greatly increased biodiversity of today.
-Cretaceous 65 mya 35% lost
-Triassic 268 mya 80% lost
-Permian 245 mya 95% lost |
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Term
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Definition
the low level of extinction that occurs all the time
a natural process |
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Term
| 3 Processes which changed Composition of Early Atmosphere |
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Definition
1. Volcanic Activity- volcanoes spew out H2O vapors, CO2 and N2
2. Chemical Rxn- rain water + CO2 from carbonic acid trapped in rocks
3. Photosynthesis- contributor to O2 in atmosphere, consumes CO2 |
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Term
| Consequences of O2 in Early Atmosphere |
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Definition
1) Oxygen Catastrophe- MAJOR extinction even. Most species anearobic and O2 was toxic
b) Ozone Layer- protect from UV, absorbed/s significant amounts of UV radiation |
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Term
| Vertical vs. Horizontal Transmission |
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Definition
Vertical: infection of eggs, seeds, embryos, babies-- in early development, passing from mother to child
Horizontal: between members of the same species that are not parent-child relationships |
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Term
Primary Endosymbiosis
Secondary Endosymbiosis |
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Definition
Primary: 1 free organism engulfs a bacterium and does noy lyse
Secondary: engulf 2nd bacterium, genome of engulfed becomes reduced and dependent |
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Term
| Consequences of Interfering with gut community |
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Definition
1) Antibiotics: eradicate most bacteria in gut, hard to get back to normal
2) Hygenic conditions: not exposed to environment to gain bacteria
3) Association with Irritable Bowel Syndrome
4) Incorrect immune system development
5) Reduce digestive efficiency, metabolism, and obesity tendencies |
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Term
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Definition
| herterotrophs that absorb nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| heterotrophs that engulf another bacteria and lyse |
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Term
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Definition
| any class of small organelles in the cytoplasm of plant cells containing pigments or food |
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Term
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Definition
| minimal amount of energy for a cell to say alive, generally measured by O2 consumption |
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Term
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Definition
| -(Permeability of membrane)(Area)(concentration gradient) |
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Term
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Definition
1) staying in 1 place and living in currents, food comes to them, not worrying about being displaced
2) large individuals increase resource base, they eat others and not eaten themselves
3) cell specialization |
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Term
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Definition
| O2 can not diffuse fast enough through large cell, have great metabolic demands |
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Term
| Criteria for the 1st pre-biotic molecule? |
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Definition
1) all functions in cell must be encoded by a single type of molecule
2)individual polymer unites must be formed by natural organic chemistry
3) ability to encode information and in what direction
4) ability to catalyze its own replication
-ability to catalyze other rxns |
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Term
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Definition
| 1/2 life, fossils, use of stable isotopes to date organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| organism becomes dormant to protect it's self from extreme conditions. think Trees! and Rotifers |
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